TABLE 2.
Variables in Study of the Influence of Primary Care and Hospital Supply on Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Hospitalizations Among Adults, Mean Values and Changes Over Time: Brazilian Microregions, 1999–2007
| Variable | 1999, Mean (SD) | 2007, Mean (SD) | Change 1999–2007, Difference (Total % Change) | Mean Annual % Change 1999–2007a |
| Income per capita, reais | 109.67 (140.60) | 206.10 (276.49) | 96.43*** (87.93) | … |
| Clean water, % of households | 10.11 (8.83) | 11.25 (9.26) | 1.14*** (11.28) | … |
| Illiteracy, % of population > 15 y | 3.39 (3.65) | 2.47 (2.55) | −0.91*** (−26.84) | … |
| Family Health Program, % of population | 12.97 (15.73) | 64.50 (25.03) | 51.53*** (397.30) | … |
| Hospital beds, per 10 000 | ||||
| Public hospital | 7.69 (8.87) | 8.55 (7.57) | 0.86** (11.18) | … |
| Private or nonprofit hospital | 21.57 (18.86) | 7.77 (9.65) | −13.80*** (−63.98) | … |
| Private health insurance, % of population | 7.00 (9.20) | 8.46 (9.60) | 1.46*** (20.86) | … |
| Medical consultations, per capita | 0.25 (0.10) | 1.72 (0.64) | 1.47*** (588.00) | … |
| Premature mortality,b per 100 000 | ||||
| Male | 57.14 (19.02) | 51.72 (12.93) | −5.42*** (−9.49) | … |
| Female | 31.93 (11.26) | 26.84 (8.02) | −5.09*** (−15.94) | … |
| ACS hospitalizationsc | ||||
| Total | 224.19 (100.83) | 151.33 (65.04) | −72.85*** (−32.49) | −4.51 |
| Male | 204.84 (91.56) | 138.73 (57.93) | −66.11*** (−32.27) | −4.30 |
| Female | 243.69 (113.50) | 164.19 (74.74) | −79.49*** (−32.62) | −4.70 |
| Ages 20–59 y | 142.07 (67.23) | 93.22 (41.41) | −48.84*** (−34.38) | −4.89 |
| Ages 60–69 y | 595.62 (282.45) | 383.49 (160.42) | −212.12*** (−35.61) | −5.11 |
| Ages 70–79 y | 993.99 (480.67) | 724.64 (297.97) | −296.35*** (−29.81) | −3.20 |
| Non–ACS hospitalizationsb | ||||
| Total | 495.99 (165.40) | 449.50 (125.77) | −46.48*** (−9.37) | −1.39 |
| Male | 457.65 (195.24) | 417.14 (148.07) | −40.51*** (−8.85) | −1.40 |
| Female | 534.68 (165.23) | 482.37 (120.75) | −52.32*** (−9.79) | −1.38 |
| Ages 20–59 y | 451.94 (152.05) | 403.44 (111.06) | −48.49*** (−10.73) | −1.55 |
| Ages 60–69 y | 704.26 (272.18) | 648.15 (215.71) | −56.10*** (−7.97) | −1.30 |
| Ages 70–79 y | 889.85 (335.86) | 880.18 (292.82) | −9.66 (−1.09) | −0.30 |
Note. ACS = ambulatory care—sensitive. Ellipses indicate that data were not available.
a
Results from Poisson regression of the form log(# of hospitalizations) = B0+B1(year), where year is a linear term ranging from 0 (1999) to 9 (2007), and the mean annual percentage change = 100 [exp(B1)-1]. Population size (by sex or age group) is used as an offset.
b
Premature mortality is defined as < 65 y.
c
All government and contracted hospitals, per 10 000.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.