TABLE 3.
Predictors of Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Hospitalization Rates per 10 000 Adults, by Sex and Age: Brazilian Microregions, 1999–2007
| Alla (n = 3905) | Men (n = 3905) | Womenb (n = 4463) | 20–59 y (n = 3905) | 60–69 y (n = 3905) | 70–79c y (n = 3347) | |
| Family Health Program coverage | ||||||
| 0%–24% (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low (25%–49%) | −0.35 (-3.95, 3.26) | 0.06 (-3.62, 3.74) | −2.31 (-6.19, 1.57) | 0.12 (-2.73, 2.97) | −4.72 (-16.53, 7.09) | −19.21 (-44.55, 6.14) |
| Middle (50%–74%) | −3.46 (-8.10, 1.17) | −2.72 (-7.35, 1.91) | −6.24** (-10.87, -1.62) | −1.59 (-5.19, 2.00) | −18.1* (-32.61, -3.60) | −41.21** (-72.23, -10.19) |
| High (75%–100%) | −10.73*** (-16.14, -5.33) | −9.68*** (-15.14, -4.22) | −14.16*** (-20.39, -7.93) | −7.63*** (-11.92, -3.34) | −33.92*** (-50.84, -17.00) | −67.2*** (-103.06, -31.35) |
| Hospital beds per 10 000 | ||||||
| Public | 0.00 (-0.51, 0.50) | −0.02 (-0.33, 0.28) | −0.06 (-0.44, 0.32) | 0.12 (-0.35, 0.59) | 0.54 (-0.30, 1.38) | −2.21* (-4.37, -0.05) |
| Private or nonprofit | 0.26** (0.09, 0.42) | 0.28*** (0.12, 0.44) | 0.25** (0.06, 0.43) | 0.19** (0.05, 0.32) | 0.86** (0.27, 1.46) | 1.49** (0.42, 2.56) |
| m1 test (Z-value) | −8.71*** | −6.04*** | −9.35*** | −7.20*** | −8.73*** | −9.51*** |
| m2 test (Z-value) | −1.10 | −1.72 | −1.27 | −1.11 | −1.93 | 0.39 |
| Sargan test χ2 (df) | 411.1 (366) | 403.7 (366) | 419.6 (377) | 416.3 (366)* | 399.7 (366) | 360.5 (318) |
Table presents B coefficients and robust 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. All models controlled for log income per capita, clean water, illiteracy, health insurance, medical consultations per capita, premature mortality, and year effects. Dynamic models also included 1- and 2-year lagged dependent variables and treated all variables except for income as endogenous. M1 and m2 are tests for the first-order and second-order serial correlation in the first-differenced residuals. Sargan is a test of the over-identifying restrictions, under the null of instruments’ validity (with 2-step estimator).
The best fit for the model for women included only a 1-year lagged dependent variable.
The best fit for the model for the group aged 70 to 79 years included 1-, 2-, and 3-year lagged dependent variables.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.