TABLE 3.
Multivariate Associations of Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health With Caregiving Status and Burden: Gazel Cohort Study, France, 2008
| Potential Regular Caregivers (n = 710), OR (95% CI) | Regular Caregiver Level of Burden |
|||||
| Noncaregivers(n = 7076; Ref) | 1st Quartile (n = 729), OR (95% CI) | 2nd Quartile (n = 718), OR (95% CI) | 3rd Quartile (n = 740), OR (95% CI) | 4th Quartile (n = 714), OR (95% CI) | ||
| Depressiona | ||||||
| Total | 1.00 | 1.54*** (1.24, 1.91) | 0.50*** (0.37, 0.68) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 2.26*** (1.86, 2.75) |
| Menb | 1.00 | 1.39*** (1.08, 1.79) | 0.54*** (0.39, 0.76) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.02) | 1.19 (0.91, 1.55) | 2.58*** (2.03, 3.27) |
| Womenc | 1.00 | 2.11*** (1.37, 3.25) | 0.38* (0.17, 0.83) | 0.87 (0.52, 1.45) | 0.74 (0.45, 1.22) | 1.80*** (1.28, 2.54) |
| Cognitive complaintsd | ||||||
| Memory difficulties | 1.00 | 1.32** (1.10, 1.59) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 1.22* (1.02, 1.47) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.41) | 1.44*** (1.21, 1.73) |
| Memory lapses in daily living activities | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.39) | 1.28 (0.93, 1.75) | 1.17 (0.86, 1.60) | 1.68*** (1.28, 2.21) |
| Difficulty retaining new information | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.90, 1.49) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.35) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.39) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) |
| Difficulty remembering past events | 1.00 | 1.40** (1.10, 1.77) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) | 1.53*** (1.22, 1.92) |
| Calculation difficulties | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.72, 1.61) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.78) | 1.04 (0.68, 1.60) | 1.48* (1.03, 2.12) | 1.45* (1.04, 2.02) |
| Language difficulties | 1.00 | 1.34** (1.08, 1.67) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) | 1.26* (1.00, 1.58) | 1.34** (1.08, 1.66) | 1.29* (1.04, 1.60) |
| Spatial orientation difficulties | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.71, 2.34) | 0.98 (0.47, 2.04) | 1.23 (0.65, 2.33) | 1.43 (0.81, 2.55) | 1.59 (0.97, 2.61) |
| Health events in preceding 12 mo | ||||||
| Hospitalizations | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.36) | 1.29** (1.09, 1.52) |
| Respiratory disease | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.16 (0.95, 1.42) | 1.21 (1.00, 1.48) |
| Digestive disease | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.27) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) | 1.20* (1.01, 1.42) | 1.45*** (1.23, 1.72) |
| Osteoarticular disease | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.34) | 1.23* (1.03, 1.47) | 1.44*** (1.19, 1.74) |
| Genitourinary disease | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.88, 1.29) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 1.22* (1.02, 1.47) | 1.29** (1.07, 1.55) |
| Metabolic disease | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) |
| Cancer | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.60, 1.41) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.17) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 1.28 (0.88, 1.87) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Burden levels were assessed with the Zarit Burden Interview; higher global score quartiles represent increased burden. Analyses controlled for age, gender, educational level, occupational status, retirement, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and sports activities. Adjusted pseudo-R2 values ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 for depressive state models, from 0.04 to 0.09 for cognitive complaints models, and from 0.01 to 0.03 for health events models. Participants who answered yes to the 2 questions regarding caregiving status (“Are there one or more people aged more than 65 in your social sphere [spouse, family relative, other] who need assistance in their daily life?” and “If so, do you provide regular assistance to this person/these people?”) were defined as regular caregivers. Participants not providing regular assistance to a dependent elderly person were stratified as those not having any dependent elderly individuals in their social sphere (noncaregivers) and those having one or more dependent elderly individuals in their social sphere but not regularly caring for them (potential regular caregivers). Sample size was n = 10 687.
Total scores of 17 or above among men and 23 or above among women on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale indicate a high risk for clinical depression.
n = 8014.
n = 2673.
Additional adjustment was made for depression, sleep disorders, and number of individuals in the household.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.