TABLE 3.
Study Participants’ Changes in Knowledge of Diabetes and in Behavioral Variables From Baseline to 6-Month Follow-Up: REACH Detroit, 2004–2006
| Intervention (n = 72) |
Control (n = 92) |
||||||||
| Baseline | 6 Months | Change | No.a | Baseline | 6 Months | Change | No.a | Intervention Effect | |
| Knowledge | |||||||||
| Self-management score,b mean (95% CI) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.6) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 0.7** (0.4, 1.0) | 56 | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.6) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 74 | 0.6** (0.2, 1.0) |
| What you eat affects blood sugar,c % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 80.5 (67.7, 89.1) | 98.3 (87.4, 99.8) | (13.8**; 2.0, 94.7) | 55 | 80.0 (69.3, 87.6) | 82.8 (72.2, 90.0) | (1.2; 0.6, 2.6) | 74 | (11.4*; 1.4, 90.4) |
| Exercise helps control blood sugar,d % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 54.9 (42.3, 67.0) | 83.0 (70.1, 91.0) | (4.0**; 1.9, 8.6) | 52 | 44.6 (33.5, 56.2) | 42.8 (30.9, 55.7) | (0.9; 0.5, 1.6) | 71 | (4.3**; 1.7, 10.9) |
| Diet and exercise | |||||||||
| Meeting physical activity guidelines,e % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 36.6 (25.2, 49.7) | 52.9 (38.2, 67.1) | (1.9*; 1.02, 3.7) | 55 | 31.7 (22.4, 42.8) | 52.8 (40.8, 64.4) | (2.4**; 1.3, 4.3) | 72 | (0.8; 0.3, 1.9) |
| Daily fruit and vegetable servings, mean (95% CI) | 4.3 (3.8, 4.9) | 4.9 (4.3, 5.4) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.1) | 56 | 3.6 (3.2, 4.1) | 4.2 (3.7, 4.7) | 0.6* (0.1, 1.1) | 73 | 0.0 (-0.8, 0.7) |
| Fried, fatty foods ≥ 2/wk, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 37.7 (25.8, 51.2) | 21.7 (12.3, 35.4) | (0.5; 0.19, 1.1) | 56 | 52.4 (40.1, 64.5) | 47.8 (34.9, 61.0) | (0.8; 0.5, 1.5) | 73 | (0.6; 0.2, 1.6) |
| Soda pop or fruit-flavored drinks ≥ 2/wk, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 23.3 (14.1, 36.1) | 12.4 (5.7, 25.1) | (0.5; 0.17, 1.3) | 56 | 37.8 (27.9, 48.8) | 37.8 (27.1, 50.0) | (1.0; 0.6, 1.6) | 74 | (0.5; 0.2, 1.4) |
| Diabetes self-managementf | |||||||||
| Take recommended insulin dose or pills every day, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 88.8 (77.1, 94.9) | 89.6 (78.6, 95.3) | (1.1; 0.53, 2.2) | 52 | 88.0 (78.6, 93.6) | 96.2 (90.5, 98.6) | (3.5**; 1.4, 8.8) | 70 | (0.3; 0.1, 1.0) |
| Follow healthful eating plan every day, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 41.3 (29.1, 54.7) | 43.1 (29.4, 58.0) | (1.1; 0.57, 2.0) | 54 | 37.3 (26.9, 48.9) | 27.7 (18.3, 39.7) | (0.6; 0.4, 1.1) | 72 | (1.7; 0.7, 3.9) |
| Test blood sugar as recommended once/wk, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 73.6 (61.0, 83.2) | 86.7 (74.3, 93.6) | (2.3*; 1.1, 5.0) | 56 | 70.5 (59.6, 79.5) | 78.0 (66.8, 86.2) | (1.5; 0.8, 2.6) | 74 | (1.6; 0.6, 4.0) |
| Check feet every day, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 80.2 (68.3, 88.4) | 86.9 (75.1, 93.6) | (1.6; 0.7, 3.9) | 56 | 75.3 (65.1, 83.3) | 67.1 (55.2, 77.1) | (0.7; 0.4, 1.1) | 73 | (2.5; 0.9, 6.7) |
| Inspect inside of shoes every day, % (95% CI) or (OR; 95% CI) | 49.1 (36.1, 62.2) | 76.7 (62.9, 86.5) | (3.4**; 1.7, 6.8) | 56 | 43.8 (33.2, 55.0) | 44.5 (33.0, 56.7) | (1.0; 0.6, 1.7) | 72 | (3.3**; 1.4, 7.9) |
| Psychological | |||||||||
| Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale score,gh mean (95% CI) | 11.9 (8.5, 16.6) | 8.7 (6.0, 12.4) | −3.2 (-5.6, 0.1) | 56 | 13.8 (10.2, 18.5) | 12.9 (9.4, 17.6) | −0.9 (−4.0, 3.2) | 74 | −21.9% (−49.0, 19.4) |
| Self-efficacy score,i mean (95% CI) | 74.9 (69.8, 80.1) | 78.3 (72.6, 83.9) | 3.3 (−2.7, 9.3) | 56 | 65.5 (60.9, 70.0) | 70.7 (65.7, 75.7) | 5.2 (0.0, 10.4) | 74 | −1.9 (−9.9, 6.1) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Data are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and site. Estimates and P values are from repeated measures models.
Number with complete data at baseline and 6-month follow-up.
Determined by answer to the question, “How well do you understand how to manage your diabetes?” (1–5; 1 = not at all; 5 = very well).41
Percentage who “Strongly agree that what you eat will make a big difference in your ability to control affect blood sugar levels.”
From Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale.42 The % and ORs denote clients who strongly agree that exercise helps to control blood sugar.
Moderate activity at least 30 minutes a day and 5 days a week or vigorous activity at least 20 minutes a day and 3 days a week.48
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure.43 Clients who reported practicing the various self-management behaviors every day are represented in the various percentages and odds ratios. For example, if a client reported checking his/her feet every day, s/he would be included in the % or OR for that outcome; anything less than every day would be coded as “No.”
Estimates from log transform. The estimates of change within the intervention and control arms were computed by inverting the log transformed results. The intervention effect estimates are for percentage change, intervention compared with control.
Problem Areas in Diabetes scale (20 items; 0 = not a problem to 4 = serious problem; Cronbach α = 0.94).44,45
Perceived Competence for Diabetes scale (range = 0–100).47
*P < .05; **P < .01.