TABLE 2.
Disease Prevalence at Age 50 Years, by Birth Weight and Childhood Socioeconomic Conditions: Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1968–2007
| Condition | Asthma |
Hypertension |
Diabetes |
Stroke, Heart Attack, or Heart Disease |
||||
| % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| Birth weight | ||||||||
| Low (< 5.5 lb) | 25.7 | 1.64 (1.55, 1.72) | 68.6 | 1.51 (1.44, 1.58) | 23.0 | 2.09 (1.97, 2.23) | 25.8 | 2.16 (2.01, 2.32) |
| Not low (Ref) | 15.7 | 1.00 | 45.5 | 1.00 | 11.0 | 1.00 | 11.9 | 1.00 |
| Childhood family poverty | ||||||||
| Grew up in poverty | 25.1 | 1.47 (1.40, 1.55) | 74.3 | 1.71 (1.66, 1.77) | 21.2 | 1.86 (1.78, 1.94) | 19.6 | 1.71 (1.63, 1.78) |
| Did not grow up in poverty (Ref) | 17.1 | 1.00 | 43.4 | 1.00 | 11.4 | 1.00 | 11.5 | 1.00 |
| Parental educationa | ||||||||
| High school dropout | 21.3 | 1.39 (1.38, 1.40) | 64.6 | 1.66 (1.66, 1.66) | 16.3 | 1.65 (1.65, 1.65) | 17.8 | 1.59 (1.58, 1.59) |
| High school graduate or more (Ref) | 15.3 | 1.00 | 38.9 | 1.00 | 9.9 | 1.00 | 11.2 | 1.00 |
| Childhood health insurance | ||||||||
| No health insurance | 27.0 | 1.60 (1.54, 1.67) | 68.5 | 1.48 (1.44, 1.53) | 19.0 | 1.63 (1.55, 1.72) | 24.8 | 1.98 (1.89, 2.07) |
| Had health insurance (Ref) | 16.8 | 1.00 | 46.1 | 1.00 | 11.6 | 1.00 | 12.5 | 1.00 |
| Childhood neighborhood povertyb | ||||||||
| Lived in high-poverty neighborhood | 35.5 | 2.05 (1.90, 2.22) | 82.9 | 1.80 (1.68, 1.92) | 21.7 | 1.72 (1.52, 1.94) | 29.6 | 2.14 (1.93, 2.37) |
| Did not live in high-poverty neighborhood (Ref) | 17.3 | 1.00 | 46.1 | 1.00 | 12.6 | 1.00 | 13.9 | 1.00 |
| Parental smoking | ||||||||
| Smoker | 18.8 | 1.28 (1.26, 1.31) | 49.6 | 1.14 (1.13, 1.16) | 13.4 | 1.43 (1.38, 1.48) | 15.3 | 1.62 (1.57, 1.67) |
| Nonsmoker (Ref) | 14.6 | 1.00 | 43.5 | 1.00 | 9.4 | 1.00 | 9.5 | 1.00 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. All statistics are sample weighted to produce nationally representative estimates.
a
The father's education if he was present; the mother's education if she was head of the household.
b
Childhood neighborhood defined as the census tract where the child lived in 1968. High-poverty = > 30% of the people who lived in the neighborhood were in poverty; medium-poverty = 10%–30%; low-poverty = < 10%. We obtained census tract–level poverty information by linking the PSID individual data to US census data for each census tract.