TABLE 2.
Parameter Estimates and Standard Errors for Generalized Linear Mixed Models of the Age–Crime Curve of Individual Involvement in Violence: Pittsburgh Youth Study, Pittsburgh, PA, 1988
| Parameter | Estimate | SE | P |
| Main effects only | |||
| Intercept | −14.490 | 1.803 | < .001 |
| Age | 1.122 | .194 | < .001 |
| Age2 | −.033 | .005 | < .001 |
| Disadvantaged neighborhood with PH | 1.066 | .489 | .03 |
| Disadvantaged neighborhood without PH | .771 | .458 | .093 |
| Average neighborhood | .709 | .403 | .079 |
| Risk score | 1.154 | .220 | < .001 |
| Race (Black) | .517 | .258 | .046 |
| Any bad friends | .568 | .224 | .012 |
| Any peer delinquency | .867 | .229 | .001 |
| Young female caretaker | .465 | .244 | .057 |
| First-order interactions of age with neighborhood disadvantage | |||
| Intercept | −11.419 | 2.207 | < .001 |
| Age | .965 | .206 | < .001 |
| Age2 | −.035 | .005 | < .001 |
| Disadvantaged neighborhood with PH | −2.965 | 1.756 | .092 |
| Disadvantaged neighborhood without PH | −2.640 | 1.727 | .127 |
| Average neighborhood | −2.915 | 1.662 | .08 |
| Age × disadvantaged neighborhood with PH | .235 | .102 | .021 |
| Age × disadvantaged neighborhood without PH | .201 | .101 | .046 |
| Age × average neighborhood | .213 | .098 | .03 |
| Risk score | 1.154 | .220 | < .001 |
| Race (Black) | .517 | .259 | .046 |
| Any bad friends | .572 | .225 | .011 |
| Any peer delinquency | .868 | .229 | .001 |
| Young female caretaker | .463 | .244 | .058 |
| Second-order interactions of age2 with neighborhood disadvantage | |||
| Intercept | −13.164 | 1.868 | < .001 |
| Age | 1.173 | .197 | < .001 |
| Age2 | −.041 | .006 | < .001 |
| Disadvantaged neighborhood with PH | −.970 | .972 | .319 |
| Disadvantaged neighborhood without PH | −1.002 | .948 | .291 |
| Average neighborhood | −1.115 | .899 | .215 |
| Age2 × disadvantaged neighborhood with PH | .007 | .003 | .023 |
| Age2 × disadvantaged neighborhood without PH | .006 | .003 | .043 |
| Age2 × average neighborhood | .006 | .003 | .034 |
| Risk score | 1.154 | .220 | < .001 |
| Race (Black) | .516 | .258 | .046 |
| Any bad friends | .572 | .225 | .011 |
| Any peer delinquency | .867 | .229 | .001 |
| Young female caretaker | .463 | .244 | .058 |
Note. PH = public housing. Advantaged neighborhoods are the reference category.