TABLE 3.
Results of Logistic Regression Analyses With the Hybrid Method: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 1998–2006
| Variable | Fair or Poor Health, OR (95% CI) | Physical Disability, OR (95% CI) | Asthma, OR (95% CI) | CBCL Externalizing Score ≥ 64, OR (95% CI) | CBCL Internalizing Score ≥ 64, OR (95% CI) | PPVT Below Average, OR (95% CI) | ED visit, OR (95% CI) | Hospitalization, OR (95% CI) |
| Homeless episode in past year | 0.99 (0.34, 2.90) | 1.37 (0.32, 5.80) | 1.01 (0.46, 2.23) | 1.21 (0.50, 2.94) | 1.46 (0.56, 3.80) | 1.06 (0.47, 2.36) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.81) | 1.38 (0.71, 2.68) |
| Doubled-up episode in past year | 0.68 (0.32, 1.46) | 1.42 (0.48, 4.21) | 1.25 (0.75, 2.06) | 0.96 (0.55, 1.71) | 1.05 (0.56, 1.97) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.75) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.48) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.67) |
| Child is female | 0.68 (0.41, 1.12) | 0.69 (0.33, 1.44) | 0.46* (0.24, 0.88) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.59) | 0.64** (0.46, 0.90) | 0.79 (0.59, 1.05) | 0.73** (0.63, 0.86) | 0.68* (0.49, 0.94) |
| Mother's age, y | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.98* (0.97, 1.00) | 0.98* (0.95, 1.00) |
| Out-of-wedlock birth | 1.49 (0.58, 3.82) | 0.62 (0.13, 2.86) | 0.88 (0.36, 2.16) | 0.81 (0.40, 1.65) | 0.77 (0.40, 1.49) | 1.53 (0.85, 2.74) | 0.79 (0.58, 1.07) | 1.21 (0.77, 1.90) |
| Mother married | 0.87 (0.28, 2.70) | 2.51 (0.37, 17.19) | 0.91 (0.41, 2.02) | 0.60 (0.25, 1.46) | 0.63 (0.25, 1.54) | 1.33 (0.64, 2.75) | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 0.66 (0.34, 1.29) |
| Mother lives with father | 1.56 (0.72, 3.39) | 0.80 (0.26, 2.45) | 1.32 (0.81, 2.17) | 0.98 (0.55, 1.74) | 1.17 (0.62, 2.20) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.12) |
| No. children | 1.16 (0.90, 1.50) | 1.06 (0.71, 1.58) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | 1.24* (1.03, 1.49) | 1.33** (1.08, 1.65) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.36) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) |
| Black (ref. White) | 1.68 (0.66, 4.26) | 1.01 (0.34, 2.96) | 3.33** (1.59, 6.97) | 0.98 (0.58, 1.65) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.73) | 3.06** (1.90, 4.92) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.40) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) |
| Hispanic (ref. White) | 2.20 (0.80, 6.04) | 1.12 (0.33, 3.78) | 4.15** (1.83, 9.42) | 1.19 (0.66, 2.15) | 1.89* (1.03, 3.50) | 3.12** (1.84, 5.31) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.61) |
| Other race (ref. White) | 3.20 (0.73, 13.94) | 3.18 (0.44, 22.75) | 2.71 (0.59, 12.36) | 1.58 (0.56, 4.52) | 1.96 (0.69, 5.59) | 2.04 (0.81, 5.10) | 1.06 (0.63, 1.77) | 1.25 (0.61, 2.56) |
| Mother is immigrant | 4.60** (2.18, 9.70) | 0.91 (0.27, 3.05) | 0.20** (0.09, 0.45) | 0.51* (0.27, 0.94) | 1.01 (0.59, 1.73) | 2.97** (1.72, 5.14) | 0.69** (0.53, 0.90) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.44) |
| Mother graduated high school (ref. < high school) | 0.47** (0.27, 0.82) | 1.29 (0.64, 2.63) | 0.82 (0.51, 1.33) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.23) | 0.65* (0.45, 0.94) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.26) |
| Mother has > high school (ref. < high school) | 0.26** (0.12, 0.59) | 0.75 (0.29, 1.98) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.34) | 0.49** (0.30, 0.80) | 0.32** (0.19, 0.53) | 0.49** (0.33, 0.72) | 0.73** (0.59, 0.91) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) |
| Household income (Log) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.14) |
| TANF or food stamps | 2.25* (1.14, 4.46) | 0.70 (0.26, 1.86) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.82) | 1.43 (0.88, 2.33) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.69) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.25) |
| Disability or SSI | 0.98 (0.13, 7.23) | 0.32 (0.02, 5.10) | 0.82 (0.21, 3.23) | 1.29 (0.29, 5.66) | 0.54 (0.10, 2.84) | 1.41 (0.36, 5.57) | 0.82 (0.38, 1.80) | 1.29 (0.42, 3.96) |
| Medicaid enrollment | 0.91 (0.45, 1.85) | 6.09** (1.69, 21.96) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.91) | 0.79 (0.47, 1.35) | 0.97 (0.56, 1.68) | 1.15 (0.74, 1.79) | 1.30* (1.01, 1.66) | 1.45 (0.97, 2.18) |
| Family to ask for babysitting | 1.16 (0.59, 2.28) | 1.45 (0.52, 4.07) | 1.11 (0.68, 1.82) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.52) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.47) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.69) | 1.53** (1.16, 2.01) | 1.22 (0.78, 1.90) |
| Family to ask for loan | 1.48 (0.78, 2.83) | 0.98 (0.38, 2.50) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.44) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.39) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.66) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.48) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) |
| Mother's health fair or poor | 1.87* (1.07, 3.29) | 0.66 (0.25, 1.73) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.44) | 0.56* (0.34, 0.93) | 0.57* (0.34, 0.96) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.38) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.45) |
| Domestic violence | 1.53 (0.64, 3.66) | 0.27 (0.07, 1.15) | 0.78 (0.43, 1.44) | 1.59 (0.84, 3.01) | 1.42 (0.74, 2.75) | 1.88* (1.05, 3.34) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.29) | 1.15 (0.68, 1.94) |
| Drug use during pregnancy | 0.74 (0.32, 1.69) | 1.47 (0.55, 3.91) | 1.00 (0.38, 2.64) | 0.88 (0.53, 1.47) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) | 0.85 (0.51, 1.43) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.50) |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 1.13 (0.57, 2.22) | 1.10 (0.45, 2.64) | 1.11 (0.62, 1.97) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) | 0.89 (0.54, 1.46) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) |
| Drank during pregnancy | 1.38 (0.54, 3.56) | 0.89 (0.23, 3.39) | 0.85 (0.36, 2.02) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.75) | 1.12 (0.59, 2.10) | 1.01 (0.52, 1.98) | 1.30 (0.96, 1.77) | 1.27 (0.80, 2.02) |
| Prenatal care begun in 2nd or 3rd trimester | 1.00 (0.40, 2.52) | 0.50 (0.18, 1.39) | 1.61 (0.89, 2.91) | 1.37 (0.83, 2.26) | 1.01 (0.60, 1.71) | 1.24 (0.82, 1.90) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.43) | 1.08 (0.73, 1.61) |
| Mental illness before pregnancy | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) |
| Mother's depression | 1.08 (0.58, 2.02) | 1.08 (0.51, 2.30) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.36) | 0.85 (0.57, 1.26) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.33) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.10) |
| Low birth weight | 4.20** (1.92, 9.22) | 2.18 (0.74, 6.44) | 3.05** (1.34, 6.94) | 1.46 (0.82, 2.59) | 0.99 (0.52, 1.90) | 1.61 (0.96, 2.68) | 1.18 (0.88, 1.58) | 2.21** (1.48, 3.30) |
| Any abnormal infant health | 0.76 (0.33, 1.78) | 1.57 (0.46, 5.36) | 1.70 (0.59, 4.92) | 0.98 (0.53, 1.82) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.84) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.72) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.68) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.23) |
| Serious abnormal infant health condition | 1.31 (0.73, 2.37) | 3.34 (0.94, 11.85) | 1.13 (0.66, 1.94) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.65) | 0.95 (0.65, 1.38) | 1.24 (0.89, 1.73) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 1.18 (0.83, 1.68) |
| No. children | 2515 | 2342 | 2331 | 2140 | 2140 | 1625 | 2445 | 2445 |
| No. observation | 6079 | 3702 | 4891 | 3459 | 3459 | 2495 | 5211 | 5216 |
Note. CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department; OR = odds ratio; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; SSI = Supplemental Security Income; TANF = Temporary Aid for Needy Children. For the time-varying variables, odds ratios on the deviations from the mean are presented. Specifications also include controls for means of time-varying variables and variables indicating interview wave.
*P < .05; **P < .01.