Table 1.
Standard 2D-echocardiography data of the three groups of athletes
| Cycling | Soccer | Basket | Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 17.6 ± 0.5 | 16.5 ± 2.5 | 17.0 ± 2.5 | 22.8 ± 3.2∞ |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 76.4 ± 11.5 | 71.05 ± 13.4¶ | 81.82 ± 12.4 | 73.2 ± 8.9 |
| LV parameters | ||||
| IVS (mm) | 9.47 ± 0.9 | 9.38 ± 1.0 | 9.16 ± 0.9 | 8.92 ± 0.9 |
| PW(mm) | 9.49 ± 0.8 | 9.25 ± 0.7 | 8.93 ± 0.9 | 8.76 ± 1.0# |
| LVDD (mm) | 51.7 ± 2.6 | 50.2 ± 4.0 | 50.5 ± 3.6 | 47 ± 3.1♥ Δ ¶ |
| LVSD (mm) | 33.6 ± 1.7 | 31.9 ± 3.1 | 32.0 ± 3.3 | 30.2 ± 2.2♦ |
| CMi (gr/m2) | 114.5 ± 18.5¶ | 105.9 ± 16.9 | 100.7 ± 14.3 | 87.4 ± 9.8£ * $ |
| WRT | 0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.07 |
| EF (%) | 63.8 ± 2.5 | 65.6 ± 4.6 | 65.6 ± 5.1 | 61.4 ± 1.3Ω Φ |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| E wave (m/s) | 79.2 ± 14.5 | 97.1 ± 11.7£ | 95.9 ± 15.3♥ | 86.4 ± 13.2 |
| A wave (m/s) | 42.9 ± 6.7§ | 49.0 ± 17.5 | 53.0 ± 11.4♦ | 58.4 ± 12.5 |
| DT (sec.) | 158.8 ± 12.4 | 157.5 ± 18.9 | 175.1 ± 24.1 | 160.4 ± 54 |
| IVRT (sec.) | 70.7 ± 8.7 | 70.2 ± 7.1 | 66.3 ± 8.7 | 84 ± 26.4∞ |
Legend: IVS: interventricular septum, PW: posterior wall, LVDD: left ventricle diastolic diameter, LVSD: left ventricle systolic diameter, EF: ejection fraction, CMi: cardiac mass index, WRT: wall ratio thickness, DT: deceleration time, IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time.
Significant differences: *p = .004 vs. soccer, §p = .001 vs. controls, ♦p = .03 vs. cycling, ∞p < .001 vs. other groups, ♥p = .001 vs. cycling, Δp = .02 vs. soccer; ¶p = .01 vs. basket; £p < .001 vs. cycling, $p = .04 vs. basket; Ωp = .01 vs. soccer;Φp < .01 vs. basket; ¥p = .006 vs. basket, ‡p = .007 vs. controls; #p = .05 vs. controls.