Table 2.
Peak systolic strains, rotation and twist of subendocardial and subepicardial layers among the three groups of athletes
| Cycling | Soccer | Basket | Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocardial parameters | ||||
| Mean circum-ε (%) | ||||
| Basal | -23.02 ± 4.6 | -23.40 ± 2.6 | -21.82 ± 3.5 | -23.63 ± 3.5 |
| Apical | -37.64 ± 8.5¥ | -33.82 ± 8.0 | -32.15 ± 9.3 | -29.49 ± 7.4 |
| Mean Longit- ε (%) | -16.72 ± 3.2 | -17.84 ± 2.8 | -17.96 ± 2.9 | -18.08 ± 2.3 |
| Mean Rotation (°) | ||||
| Basal | -7.32 ± 2.1£ | -6.29 ± 2.4 | -6.19 ± 1.5 | -5.69 ± 1.0 |
| Apical | 8.86 ± 3.2 | 7.65 ± 2.1 | 7.29 ± 2.0 | 7.79 ± 1.8 |
| Mean Twist (°) | 16.18 ± 4.1* Φ ? | 13.94 ± 2.7 | 13.48 ± 3.4 | 12.89 ± 2.4 |
| Epicardial parameters | ||||
| Mean circum- ε (%) | ||||
| Basal | -13.50 ± 3.3 | -14.53 ± 2.5 | -13.87 ± 2.6 | -13.28 ± 1.6 |
| Apical | -15.55 ± 4.7* | -12.75 ± 3.9 | -11.06 ± 3.2Δ | -14.56 ± 6.5 |
| Mean Longit- ε (%) | -11.70 ± 2.0¶ † | -13.43 ± 2.4 | -13.72 ± 2.9 | -14.73 ± 3.3 |
| Mean Rotation (°) | ||||
| Basal | -4.34 ± 1.2* ♥ | -3.52 ± 1.1∞ | -3.71 ± 1.2? | -2.53 ± 0.7 |
| Apical | 5.00 ± 1.7♦ | 4.26 ± 1.3 | 3.81 ± 1.5Δ | 5.10 ± 2.3 |
| Mean Twist (°) | 9.51 ± 2.4# § ¥ | 7.78 ± 1.7 | 7.52 ± 1.5 | 7.63 ± 2.1 |
| Δ Endo/Epi | 6.67 ± 3.8 | 6.17 ± 2.2 | 5.96 ± 2.4 | 5.48 ± 1.47 |
Legend:. *p = .04 vs. soccer; †p = .03 vs. basket; ♦p = .04 vs. basket; ‡p = .006 vs. basket; #p = .01 vs. soccer; Φp = .02 vs. basket, §p = .005 vs. basket, £p = .04 vs. controls, ¥p = .02 vs. controls, ?p = .01 vs. controls, ∞p = .03 vs. controls, ♥p < .001 vs. controls, Δp = .05 vs. controls, ¶p = .005 vs. controls. Circum-ε: circumferential strain; Longit-ε: longitudinal strain.