Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Analysis Sample, KAN-DO Study, North Carolina, 2007-2009 (n = 337)
| Characteristic | na | Mean (SD) or % |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Demographic | ||
| Child's age, y | 337 | 3.5 (1.1) |
| Maternal age, y | 337 | 32.7 (4.9) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||
| White non-Hispanic | 246 | 73% |
| White Hispanic | 15 | 4% |
| Nonwhite | 76 | 23% |
| Child's sex | ||
| Boy | 195 | 58% |
| Girl | 142 | 42% |
| Maternal marital status | ||
| Married | 295 | 88% |
| Single/divorced/separated | 29 | 9% |
| Living with partner | 13 | 4% |
| Annual household income, $ | ||
| ≤60,000 | 137 | 41% |
| >60,000 | 195 | 59% |
| Maternal education | ||
| High school or less | 41 | 12% |
| Some post-high school training or college | 63 | 19% |
| College graduate or greater | 233 | 69% |
| Biological | ||
| Child's body mass index categoryb | ||
| <5th percentile (underweight) | 10 | 3% |
| ≥5th to <85th percentile (healthy weight) | 242 | 72% |
| ≥85th to <95th percentile (overweight) | 55 | 16% |
| ≥95th percentile (obese) | 30 | 9% |
| Maternal body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| 25 to <30 | 132 | 39% |
| 30 to <35 | 111 | 33% |
| 35 to <40 | 57 | 17% |
| ≥40 | 37 | 11% |
| Maternal depression screenc | ||
| Negative | 278 | 82% |
| Positive | 59 | 18% |
| Maternal chronic health problem | ||
| Yes | 29 | 10% |
| No | 268 | 90% |
| Behavioral attributes and skills | ||
| Child's history of being breastfed in first 12 months | ||
| No breastfeeding | 51 | 15% |
| Breast and formula fed | 227 | 67% |
| Breastfed exclusively until 12 mo | 59 | 18% |
| Child's television watching, h/d | ||
| <2 | 187 | 55% |
| ≥2 | 150 | 45% |
| Child's sweetened beverage and soda consumption per day | ||
| None | 157 | 47% |
| Some | 180 | 53% |
| Child sleeps too little | ||
| Usually or sometimes | 81 | 24% |
| Rarely | 253 | 76% |
| Social and cultural | ||
| Maternal physical activity, counts/dd | 330 | 113,037 (46,550) |
| Maternal television watching, h/d | ||
| <2 | 145 | 43% |
| ≥2 | 192 | 57% |
| Maternal computer use, h/d | ||
| <2 | 261 | 77% |
| ≥2 | 76 | 23% |
| Physical environment | ||
| Child's time spent outdoors, h/d | 330 | 2.0 (1.6) |
| Childcare arrangement | ||
| Stay-at-home mother | 176 | 52% |
| Some combination of child care that includes mother | 79 | 23% |
| Full-time child care with someone other than mother | 82 | 24% |
| No. of children born to the mother | ||
| 2 | 208 | 62% |
| 3 | 82 | 24% |
| ≥4 | 47 | 14% |
| Opportunities indoors for gross motor play | ||
| Yes | 297 | 88% |
| No | 40 | 12% |
| Opportunities outdoors for gross motor play | ||
| Yes | 305 | 91% |
| No | 32 | 10% |
| Television in the child's bedroom | ||
| Yes | 83 | 25% |
| No | 254 | 75% |
Abbreviations: KAN-DO, Kids and Adults Now! Defeat Obesity; SD, standard deviation.
a
Numbers may not sum to totals because of missing numbers, and percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
b
Defined by using current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations (16).
c
Categorized by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, considering scores of 13 or greater as a positive screen for depression (17).
d
Maternal physical activity is described in counts per day because cutoffs for MVPA and sedentary time were not available.