Table 1.
Potential Cell Sources
| The gooda | The bada | The ugly (but promising) |
|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow stromal cellsb | ||
| Trabecular bone cells | Dental pulp cells | hESCs |
| Periosteal cells | Periodontal ligament cells | iPSCs |
| Cord blood | Adipose derived cells | Direct reprogramming (has not yet been reported for development of osteogenic cells) |
| Amniotic fluid cells | Cells from virtually any connective tissue | |
| Circulating skeletal cells (endogenous cells) |
a
Mesenchymal stem cells.
b
To date, the most reliable source for bone regeneration.
hESC, human embryonic stem cell; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell.