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. 2011 Aug 12;62(15):5509–5519. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err228

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© 2011 The Author(s).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

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Fig. 4. — The effects of Cd treatments on root anatomy of wild-type, AtPCSox-5, and AtPCSox-1 seedlings. Nomarski DIC images (A–G), and histological images (H–S) of wild-type and AtPCSox roots from seedlings treated for 9 d with different concentrations of CdSO₄. (A) Regular morphology of wild-type roots in seedlings treated with 30 μM CdSO₄. (B) Root showing precocious xylem differentiation in the elongation zone (arrowheads) and abundant hair formation (arrows) in wild-type seedlings treated with 60 μM CdSO₄. (C) Irregular lateral root branching in wild-type seedlings treated with 90 μM CdSO₄. (D) Abundant hair formation and xylem differentiation up to the apex (arrow and inset) in the root of AtPCSox-1 seedlings treated with 30 μM CdSO₄. (E) Very high production of root hairs up to the apex, and a reduction in cap extension in AtPCSox-1 seedlings treated with 60 μM CdSO₄. (F) Anomalous shape of a lateral root primordium due to irregular proliferation of the cortical cells (arrow) in AtPCSox-5 seedlings treated with 60 μM CdSO₄. (G) Irregular lateral root branching of AtPCSox-5 seedlings treated with 90 μM CdSO₄. (H) Normal histological structure of a wild-type root apex (longitudinal section, 30 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (I) Normal histological structure of a wild-type root apex (transection, 30 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (J) Hypertrophy in the cortical parenchyma (arrowhead) and perycicle proliferation (arrow) of a wild-type root near the apex (transection, 60 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (K) Anomalous position of a lateral root primordium in a wild-type primary root (longitudinal section, 60 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (L) Anomalous trichoblast differentiation (arrows) in a wild-type root (transection, 60 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (M) Anomalous proliferation and expansion of cells committed to differentiate cortical parenchyma, endodermis, and pericycle in an AtPCSox-1 root apical meristem (rectangles) (longitudinal section, 30 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (N) Doubling of the cortical parenchyma and aboundant xylem differentiation (arrow) in an AtPCSox-1 root (transection, 60 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (O) Detail of the stelar region in a primary root, showing xylem overproduction at higher magnification. (P) AtPCSox-5 primary root apex showing the proliferation of initial cells around the quiescent centre (circle) (longitudinal section, 60 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (Q) The proliferating zone at higher magnification. (R) Anomalous root hairs (arrows) differentiated in an AtPCSox-5 root (transection, 60 μM CdSO₄ treatment). (S) Epidermal and cortical cells anomalous in shape in an AtPCSox-5 root (transection, 90 μM CdSO₄ treatment). Sections from (H) to (S) were stained with toluidine blue. Bars: 10 μm (I, J, L, N–Q), 20 μm (H, R, S), 25 μm (M), 50 μm (A, B, E, F, D, K), 100 μm (C, G); e, endodermis; cp, cortical parenchyma; ep, epidermis.