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. 2011 Nov 23;6(11):e27489. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027489

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Junqueira et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Synthetic map illustrating the distributions and geographic origins of strains isolated in the Americas and the genetic structure among continents and countries. (a) Countries of sample isolation are colored according to geopolitical regions, comprising South America, Central America (including the Caribbean), and North America. No isolates from the gray-colored countries were included in this study. Countries located in Central America are represented by numbers: (1) Bahamas, (2) Puerto Rico, (3) Antigua and Barbuda (4) Santa Lucia, (5) St Vincent, (6) Grenada, (7) Jamaica, (8) Honduras, and (9) Panama. The red dotted lines represent Φ_ST estimates between continents. South American sequences are genetically intermediate between those of Central America and North America. (b) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling plot of the Φ_ST estimates among 22 South American countries. Dimension 1 separates the 308 isolates by country.