. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Heart Fail Clin. 2012 Jan;8(1):143–164. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2011.08.011

Table 2.

EXHAUSTIVE UPRIGHT EXERCISE Changes in Aerobic Capacity and Cardiac Regulation between Ages of 20 and 80 years In healthy Men and Women

Oxygen Consumption	↓(50%)

(A-V)O₂	↓(25%)

Cardiac Index	↓(25%)

Heart Rate	↓(25%)

Stroke Volume	No Δ

Preload
EDV	↓(30%) (men>women)

Afterload
Vascular (PVR)	↑(30%)
Cardiac (ESV)	↑(275%)

LV Contractility	↓(60%)

Ejection Fraction	↓(15%)

Plasma Catecholamines	↑

Cardiac and Vascular Responses to β-adrenergic stimulation	↓

EDV, End Diastolic Volume; ESV, End Systolic Volume; LV, Left ventricular; (A-V)O2, Arterial-Venous Oxygen concentration; PVR, Peripheral Vascular Resistance.