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(a) Abrupt pH profile builds up near the pH actuators upstream. Different pH gradients were generated across a 500 μm wide channel downstream after passing through a 0.8 mm long (b) or a 2 mm long (c), 50 μm wide narrowed channel. The scale bars in images indicate 200 μm. (d) pH profiles across the downstream of channel in (b) and (c).
