Figure 4.

Traction forces of actively walking male Leptinotarsa decemlineata beetles on plant surfaces relative to traction forces on glass (box–whisker plot). Comparison of different surface structuring with cuticular folds of different magnitude to plant surfaces showing 3D epicuticular waxes and smooth plant surfaces without cuticular folds. Results of statistical analysis (nested ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests) are based on log-transformed data. Significant differences between groups are indicated by lower case letters. Upper case letters indicate significant differences between individual plant species. (Online version in colour.)