DBD plasma treatment enhanced endothelial cell proliferation through ROS-induced FGF-2 release. PAEC were treated with plasma doses of 0–8.4 J cm–2 and counted 1, 3 and 5 days after plasma treatment. Cells were treated with an FGF-2 neutralizing antibody to block FGF-2 effects, and 10 mM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or 50 mM sodium pyruvate (SP) to block intracellular and extracellular ROS, respectively. Data are represented as fold change in cell number on day 5 compared with day 1. †p < 0.001 compared with control. *p < 0.0001 compared with plasma. #p < 0.05 compared with control. Circles, plasma; squares, +FGF Ab; triangles, +NAC; inverted triangles, +SP.