Table 2.
Potential biomaterials and/or cell combinations used for cardiac tissue engineering. GAG, glycosoaminoglycan; PLLA, poly(l-lactic acid); PCL, polycaprolactone; PGA, poly(glycolic acid); POC, poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citric acid).
| polymer | cells | approach | references |
|---|---|---|---|
| natural materials | |||
| collagen | embryonic chick heart cells | epicardial heart patch | [64] |
| gelatin | cardiomyocytes | three-dimensional porous mesh | [65] |
| collagen-GAG | BM-MSCs | three-dimensional porous mesh | [66] |
| fibrin glue | no cells | ventricular heart patch | [67] |
| synthetic (degradable) materials | |||
| PLLA | human ESC | three-dimensional porous mesh | [68] |
| PCL | cardiomyocytes | three-dimensional porous mesh | [69] |
| PGA | chondrocytes | three-dimensional porous mesh | [70] |
| polyurethane | mouse ESC | three-dimensional porous sponge | [71] |
| PGS | three-dimensional porous foam | [72] | |
| non-biodegradable materials | |||
| POC | HL-1 (cardiac cells) | scaffold application | [73] |
| PTFE | hUV ECs | cardiovascular graft | [74] |
| polypropylene | no cells | left ventricular constrain | [75] |