Table 3.

Approaches for using myocardial tissue engineering.

approach	advantages	disadvantages	reference
cellular cardiomyoplasty (injection of cells only, direct/indirect)	minimal invasive	lack of knowledge of cell function, cell loss, effect to only endocardium	[76,77]
in situ engineering (injection of cells and biomaterial)	biomaterial act as supporting matrix while cells will regenerate infarction	infancy stage	[78,79]
injection of biomaterials alone	matrix for homing autologous progenitor cells	immunogenicity, as only natural polymers have been suggested	[13]
left ventricular restraints (wrapping up the ventricle with biopolymer)	does not involve cell injection	prevents remodelling but does not repair damaged area	[80]
tissue engineering	ensures cells are delivered to desired area with minimal loss	involves open heart surgery, more work is required to determine suitable cell type and material	[81,82]