Table 2.
Characteristics of Pneumonia Cases and Controls
| Characteristic* | Pneumonia cases (N=1,039) n (%)† | Controls (N=2,022) n (%)† |
|---|---|---|
| Median age (IQR), years‡ | 77 (71 – 82) | 77 (71 – 82) |
| Male‡ | 525 (50.5) | 1030 (50.9) |
| Median BMI (IQR), kg/m2† | 26.5 (23.4 – 30.6) | 27.3 (24.5 – 30.6) |
| (N=736) | (N=1341) | |
| Current smoker | 94/1027 (9.2) | 101/1972 (5.1) |
| Asthma | 185 (17.8) | 158 (7.8) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 324 (31.2) | 227 (10.4) |
| Hospitalized for COPD | 50 (4.8) | 14 (0.7) |
| Home oxygen use | 83 (8.0) | 18 (0.9) |
| Long term steroid use for lung disease | 28 (2.7) | 6 (0.3) |
| FEV1 measured | 166 (16.0) | 78 (3.9) |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | 192 (18.5) | 141 (7.0) |
| Hospitalized for CHF | 33 (3.2) | 16 (0.8) |
| Ejection fraction measured | 72 (6.9) | 35 (1.7) |
| Myocardial infarction | 126 (12.1) | 199 (9.8) |
| Coronary revascularization | 145 (14.0) | 224 (11.1) |
| Stroke | 87 (8.4) | 140 (6.9) |
| Swallowing disorder leading to aspiration | 13 (1.3) | 9 (0.4) |
| Alcoholism | 16 (1.5) | 22 (1.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 172 (16.6) | 300 (14.8) |
| Dementia | 48 (4.6) | 68 (3.4) |
| At least one functional impairment | 191 (18.4) | 232 (11.5) |
| Requires assistance bathing | 22 (2.1) | 15 (0.7) |
| Requires assistance walking | 184 (17.7) | 221 (10.9) |
| Any use of home health services | 150 (14.4) | 125 (6.2) |
| Frail§ | 84 (8.1) | 58 (2.9) |
| Bronchodilator use|| | 138 (13.3) | 51 (2.5) |
| Furosemide use|| | 231 (22.2) | 206 (10.2) |
| Inhaled corticosteroid use|| | 244 (23.5) | 159 (7.9) |
| Insulin or oral hypoglycemic use|| | 114 (11.0) | 188 (9.3) |
| Oral corticosteroid use|| | 262 (25.2) | 191 (9.4) |
| Received pneumococcal vaccine¶ | 951 (91.5) | 1846 (91.3) |
| Received influenza vaccine** | 630 (60.6) | 1245 (61.6) |
| Number of outpatient visits, median (IQR)†† | 11 (6 – 17) | 8 (5 – 14) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
All characteristics are defined as of September 1, and the time period of interest is the 2 year baseline period unless otherwise stated.
Results are provided as n (%) unless otherwise stated. Less than 5% of people had missing values for all characteristics except for BMI, which was missing for 29% (303/1039) of cases and 34% (681/2022) of controls.
Matching variable used in selection of controls.
Ever described as frail by medical personnel (from chart review).
Defined from computerized pharmacy data as filling at least one prescription for a medication in this class during the 2 year baseline period.
Any history of receiving pneumococcal vaccine.
Receipt of the current year’s influenza vaccine prior to index date.
Number of visits in 1-year baseline.