Table 3.
Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Relation to Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines
| Cases (N=1,039) n (%) |
Controls (N=2,022) n (%) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for matching variables† | Fully adjusted‡ | |||
| Opioid use* | ||||
| No use | 695 (66.9) | 1527 (75.5) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Current use | 144 (13.9) | 161 (8.0) | 1.91 (1.55, 2.36) | 1.38 (1.08, 1.76) |
| Past use | 200 (19.2) | 334 (16.5) | 1.31 (1.12, 1.54) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) |
| Benzodiazepine use* | ||||
| No use | 892 (85.9) | 1796 (88.8) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Current use | 87 (8.4) | 94 (4.6) | 1.63 (1.26, 2.11) | 1.08 (0.80, 1.47) |
| Past use | 60 (5.8) | 132 (6.5) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 0.62 (0.46, 0.85) |
Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
Current use is defined as having ≥1 fill for a medication in the specified class within 5–60 days prior to the case’s pneumonia diagnosis date. Non-users had no fills from 5–365 days prior to index date. Past users had ≥ 1 fill from 61–365 days prior to index date but none in the 5–60 days prior to index date.
Adjusted only for age, sex, and index date.
Adjusted for matching variables above and for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and history of COPD hospitalization, use of home oxygen, long-term steroid use for lung disease, FEV1 measured, congestive heart failure (CHF) and history of CHF hospitalization, ejection fraction measured, stroke, dementia, need for assistance with ambulation or bathing, number of outpatient visits, and use of the following medications: inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, or furosemide