Fig. 2.

The inflammatory burn: gut microbiota dysbiosis and the origin of metabolic impairments. The origin of metabolic diseases is multifactorial but the impact of deleterious feeding habits is certainly the major factor responsible. This directly modifies intestinal ecology and we first showed that upon an increased intestinal permeability it led to an increased circulating concentration of LPS from Gram-negative bacteria of intestinal origin [3, 82] called metabolic endotoxemia. The inflammatory factors LPS and other bacterial fragments can translocate toward target tissues such as the blood, the liver, and the adipose depots or the arterial wall to interfere with cells from the immune system to generate the chronic low-grade inflammation required for the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases