Table 2.

Adjusted Difference-in-Difference Estimates of the Impact of Vacant Lot Greening on Point-based Outcomes, by City Section, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1999–2008

Outcome	All 4 Sections of Philadelphia			North Philadelphia			Northwest Philadelphia			South Philadelphia			West Philadelphia
	β	SE	R2	β	SE	R2	β	SE	R2	β	SE	R2	β	SE	R2
Crimes and arrests, no. per square milea
Assaults	−9.78	1.69**	0.85	−24.67	3.60**	0.81	−1.83	1.98	0.89	10.49	5.20	0.88	−10.02	2.14**	0.79
Gun assaults	−7.90	0.95**	0.74	−13.66	1.93**	0.67	−4.39	1.18**	0.77	0.65	3.65	0.77	−9.02	1.37**	0.64
Robberies	−2.56	1.20	0.84	−4.81	2.63	0.82	1.75	1.47	0.85	−2.56	1.85	0.77	−3.99	2.59	0.82
Gun robberies	−3.38	0.78**	0.71	−4.68	1.56*	0.72	1.12	1.18	0.72	−4.68	1.40**	0.67	−5.44	1.36**	0.69
Narcotics sales and possession	−6.94	7.19	0.76	−26.20	21.57	0.71	9.31	6.55	0.81	20.70	8.25	0.85	−21.49	6.96*	0.74
Burglaries	0.00	1.82	0.68	−8.52	2.83*	0.77	0.37	3.05	0.63	41.62	6.88**	0.62	−9.62	3.02*	0.61
Thefts	−8.10	3.79	0.88	−3.82	9.06	0.81	−9.60	6.75	0.86	−28.63	7.48**	0.93	−1.44	3.21	0.86
Vandalism and criminal mischief	−4.92	1.71*	0.85	−3.09	3.25	0.83	1.41	3.08	0.78	22.09	3.43**	0.84	−23.11	2.99**	0.84
Disorderly conduct	20.39	1.78**	0.56	37.54	5.01**	0.48	7.68	1.54**	0.74	27.89	4.01**	0.78	14.74	1.89**	0.53
Public drunkenness	0.50	0.17*	0.34	0.99	0.29**	0.21	−0.01	0.40	0.30	0.10	0.24	0.62	0.72	0.34	0.31
Illegal dumping	−0.43	0.37	0.52	−3.12	0.66**	0.35	0.18	0.39	0.26	6.65	0.94**	0.60	−0.67	0.75	0.39
Health factors, %
High stress	−0.02	0.12	0.68	−0.85	0.25**	0.63	0.21	0.21	0.56	0.54	0.30	0.47	0.26	0.20	0.62
High cholesterol	0.76	0.16**	0.70	1.12	0.44*	0.61	0.34	0.19	0.78	1.65	0.26**	0.70	0.57	0.23	0.59
High blood pressure	0.63	0.16**	0.57	1.32	0.44*	0.47	0.04	0.19	0.55	0.80	0.25*	0.63	0.65	0.21*	0.39
Low exercise	0.25	0.12	0.81	0.04	0.30	0.79	0.99	0.16**	0.79	−0.21	0.17	0.86	−0.57	0.14**	0.81
Poor health status	0.36	0.14	0.63	0.15	0.35	0.54	−0.02	0.17	0.68	0.66	0.38	0.69	0.91	0.24**	0.55
Property taxes, average annual dollars per household	−9.34	1.72**	0.97	−6.43	3.24	0.97	−12.76	3.74**	0.98	−24.33	3.03**	0.97	−1.88	2.16	0.97

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

^*P < 0.01; **P < 0.001.

^a1 square mile = 2.590 km².