Table 1.
Biomass composition and calorific values of different feedstocksa
| Common name | Scientific name | Ontology | Total lignin (%) | Cellulose (%) | Ash (%) | Calorific value (MJ/kg) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobaccob | Nicotiana benthamiana | Stem | 13.6 | 31.1 | 7.0 | 16.3 | |
| Tobaccoc | N. tabaccum | Stem | 17.4 to 21.0 | 26.0 to 30.9 | 15.0 to 30.0 | [16-18] | |
| Arabidopsisb | Arabidopsis thaliana | Stem | 22.5 | 29.7 | 8.3 | 15.9 | |
| Arabidopsisc | Arabidopsis thaliana | Stem | 11.5 to 20.0 | 29.0 to 35.0 | 13.4 | [19-21] | |
| Switchgrassb | Panicum virgatum | Aerial | 29.4 | 35.7 | 3.5 | 16.2 | |
| Switchgrassc | P. virgatum | Aerial | 15.0 to 29.8 | 33.5 to 46.1 | 4.6 to 5.7 | [22-25] | |
| Eastern cottonwoodb | Populus deltoides | Stem | 31.5 | 32.7 | 2.6 | 17.6 | |
| Eastern cottonwoodc | P. deltoides | Aerial | 19.8 to 25.6 | 42.2 to 55.8 | 1.0 | [22,26,27] | |
| Black cottonwoodb | Populus trichocarpa | Stem | 32.1 | 41.4 | 2.7 | 17.3 | |
| Black cottonwoodc | P. trichocarpa | Aerial | 25.2 to 28.9 | 40.3 to 45.0 | 1.7 to 2.0 | [22,28,29] | |
| Olive (DE)b | Olea europaea | Stone | 39.0 | 33.7 | 1.2 | 19.4 | |
| Olive (DE)c | O. europaea | Stone | 20.6 to 26.5 | 29.8 to 34.4 | 0.01 to 0.7 | [20,30] | |
| Eastern black walnut (DE)b | Juglans nigra | Shell | 40.4 | 28.2 | 1.4 | 17.9 | |
| Black walnut (DE)c | J. spp. | Shell | 18.6 to 28.5 | 54.0 to 60.2 | 0.6 to 1.1 | [31] | |
| Peach (DE)b | Prunus persica | Stone | 41.6 | 25.6 | 2.9 | 20.5 | |
| Peach (DE)c | P. persica | Stone | 40.0 to 50.0 | 0.4 (FW) | 0.7 | [17,32-34] | |
| Coconut (DE)b | Cocus nucifera | Shell | 44.0 | 29.7 | 0.5 | 19.8 | |
| Coconut (DE)c | C. nucifera | Shell | 27.2 to 50.0 | 14.0 to 33.5 | 0.5 to 2.7 | [35-37] |
DE = drupe endocarp biomass; FW = biomass fresh weight; total lignin = acid-soluble lignin + acid-insoluble lignin. aBiomass composition was analyzed to identify high-lignin feedstocks. Biomass analysis was based on the dry weight of the samples. Among the different feedstocks analyzed in this study, agricultural by-products (drupe endocarps) showed high lignin content. bData from this study. cData from the literature.