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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2011 Sep 28;32(12):603–611. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2011.08.003

Figure 3. IL-17+ cells and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Figure 3

(a) High levels of inflammatory cytokines are found in IBD environments. These cytokines are produced by a variety of cells including myeloid APCs, stromal cells, epithelial cells and neutrophils. (b) Myeloid APCs along with IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23 lead to Th17 cell expansion. (c) Th17 cells further induce epithelial and stromal cells to express more proinflammatory cytokines, promote neutrophil recruitment and accelerates local inflammation. (d) Treg/Th17 (IL-17+Foxp3+) cells are also found in IBD environments. Treg/Th17 cells suppress adaptive T cell immunity but also secrete inflammatory cytokines. So these cells are termed as inflammatory Treg cells. The information summarizes established concepts in literature.