Table 4.
Logistic Regression Estimates: Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervalsa
| Variables | MetS-1 | MetS-2 | Obese | High BP | High FBG | High TGL | Low HDL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled sample (n=2,366) | |||||||
| Ethnicity variables | |||||||
| Malay | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Chinese | 0.96 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.66*** | 0.97 | 1.19 |
| (0.75–1.24) | (0.82–1.32) | (0.75–1.18) | (0.77–1.24) | (0.50–0.86) | (0.77–1.22) | (0.95–1.50) | |
| Indian | 1.78*** | 1.49** | 2.05*** | 0.65** | 1.77*** | 1.18 | 1.36** |
| (1.31–2.44) | (1.10–2.04) | (1.48–2.85) | (0.47–0.91) | (1.30–2.43) | (0.87–1.60) | (1.01–1.84) | |
| Other-Bumi | 1.97 | 1.17 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 1.26* | 0.87 | 1.33** |
| (0.73–1.29) | (0.90–1.53) | (0.67–1.10) | (0.80–1.35) | (0.96–1.65) | (0.67–1.12) | (1.03–1.70) | |
| Control variablesb | |||||||
| Family history | 1.56*** | 1.56*** | 1.33*** | 1.53*** | 1.46*** | 1.04 | 1.39*** |
| (1.29–1.88) | (1.30–1.86) | (1.12–1.58) | (1.27–1.83) | (1.21–1.77) | (0.87–1.24) | (1.17–1.65) | |
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.85* | 1.30*** | 1.10 | 0.87 | 1.20** |
| (0.82–1.21) | (0.89–1.29) | (0.71–1.02) | (1.08–1.57) | (0.91–1.34) | (0.73–1.05) | (1.00–1.43) | |
| Unmarried | 1.02 | 0.90 | 1.16 | 0.91 | 1.16 | 0.89 | 0.76** |
| (0.77–1.35) | (0.68–1.19) | (0.90–1.50) | (0.69–1.19) | (0.88–1.54) | (0.68–1.15) | (0.59–0.98) | |
| Male | 0.85 | 1.03 | 0.52*** | 1.31*** | 1.03 | 2.04*** | 0.72*** |
| (0.70–1.03) | (0.86–1.24) | (0.44–0.62) | (1.09–1.56) | (0.85–1.24) | (1.72–2.42) | (0.60–0.85) | |
| Education | 0.97*** | 0.97** | 0.96*** | 0.96*** | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
| (0.94–0.99) | (0.95–1.00) | (0.94–0.98) | (0.93–0.98) | (0.96–1.01) | (0.97–1.02) | (0.97–1.01) | |
| Age | 1.43*** | 1.48*** | 1.22*** | 1.93*** | 1.53*** | 1.20*** | 1.03 |
| (1.26–1.60) | (1.30–1.65) | (1.08–1.37) | (1.69–2.16) | (1.35–1.71) | (1.07–1.34) | (0.91–1.15) | |
| Income | 1.11** | 1.15*** | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.11** | 1.14*** |
| (1.01–1.21) | (1.06–1.25) | (0.96–1.12) | (0.95–1.12) | (0.98–1.17) | (1.03–1.20) | (1.05–1.23) | |
| Male (n=985) | |||||||
| Ethnicity variables | |||||||
| Malay | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Chinese | 1.06 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 0.54*** | 1.17 | 1.30 |
| (0.71–1.57) | (0.87–1.84) | (0.87–1.79) | (0.83–1.74) | (0.35–0.84) | (0.82–1.68) | (0.90–1.87) | |
| Indian | 1.67** | 1.23 | 2.38*** | 0.62* | 1.64* | 1.19 | 0.96 |
| (1.00–2.79) | (0.74–2.05) | (1.42–3.99) | (0.36–1.05) | (0.99–2.72) | (0.72–1.95) | (0.58–1.61) | |
| Other-Bumi | 0.82 | 1.22 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 1.45* | 1.11 | 1.48** |
| (0.52–1.28) | (0.82–1.82) | (0.50–1.09) | (0.70–1.51) | (0.98–2.16) | (0.77–1.61) | (1.01–2.16) | |
| Control variablesb | |||||||
| Family history | 1.87*** | 1.88*** | 1.64*** | 1.27* | 1.52*** | 1.12 | 1.58*** |
| (1.35–2.53) | (1.42–2.49) | (1.25–2.15) | (0.97–1.68) | (1.13–2.05) | (0.86–1.46) | (1.20–2.08) | |
| Rural | 1.04 | 1.18 | 0.81 | 1.50*** | 1.07 | 0.92 | 1.20 |
| (0.77–1.42) | (0.89–1.58) | (0.62–1.07) | (1.13–1.98) | (0.79–1.44) | (0.70–1.20) | (0.90–1.59) | |
| Unmarried | 0.90 | 0.77 | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.14 | 0.70* | 0.66* |
| (0.54–1.50) | (0.48–1.25) | (0.76–1.82) | (0.79–1.95) | (0.70–1.85) | (0.45–1.07) | (0.41–1.05) | |
| Education | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97* | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.02 |
| (0.94–1.03) | (0.95–1.03) | (0.95–1.03) | (0.93–1.01) | (0.94–1.02) | (0.98–1.05) | (0.98–1.06) | |
| Age | 1.54*** | 1.46*** | 1.38*** | 1.89*** | 1.45*** | 1.07*** | 1.08*** |
| (1.24–1.83) | (1.19–1.73) | (1.13–1.63) | (1.53–2.24) | (1.18–1.72) | (0.88–1.26) | (0.88–1.28) | |
| Income | 1.19** | 1.20** | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.13* |
| (1.01–1.36) | (1.03–1.36) | (0.94–1.21) | (0.89–1.15) | (0.96–1.28) | (0.95–1.22) | (0.98–1.27) | |
| Female (n=1,381) | |||||||
| Ethnicity variables | |||||||
| Malay | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Chinese | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.78* | 0.81 | 0.74* | 0.85 | 1.15 |
| (0.65–1.25) | (0.65–1.23) | (0.58–1.05) | (0.58–1.12) | (0.52–1.04) | (0.62–1.15) | (0.86–1.55) | |
| Indian | 1.74*** | 1.56** | 1.74** | 0.68* | 1.83*** | 1.13 | 1.60** |
| (1.17–2.59) | (1.05–2.32) | (1.13–2.66) | (0.44–1.04) | (1.23–2.74) | (0.76–1.67) | (1.10–2.34) | |
| Other-Bumi | 1.12 | 1.17 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.69** | 1.24 |
| (0.78–1.62) | (0.82–1.67) | (0.73–1.38) | (0.71–1.48) | (0.77–1.63) | (0.47–1.00) | (0.89–1.72) | |
| Control variablesb | |||||||
| Family history | 1.37** | 1.37*** | 1.12 | 1.78*** | 1.43*** | 0.99 | 1.30** |
| (1.07–1.74) | (1.08–1.73) | (0.89–1.40) | (1.39–2.27) | (1.12–1.84) | (0.79–1.25) | (1.04–1.61) | |
| Rural | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.88 | 1.19 | 1.14 | 0.83 | 1.22* |
| (0.76–1.26) | (0.79–1.29) | (0.70–1.11) | (0.93–1.54) | (0.88–1.47) | (0.65–1.06) | (0.97–1.53) | |
| Unmarried | 1.08 | 0.95 | 1.17 | 0.69** | 1.14 | 1.01 | 0.83 |
| (0.77–1.53) | (0.68–1.34) | (0.85–1.62) | (0.48–0.99) | (0.80–1.61) | (0.72–1.41) | (0.60–1.14) | |
| Education | 0.95*** | 0.96** | 0.94*** | 0.95*** | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97** |
| (0.92–0.98) | (0.93–0.99) | (0.91–0.97) | (0.92–0.98) | (0.96–1.02) | (0.96–1.02) | (0.94–1.00) | |
| Age | 1.36*** | 1.50*** | 1.10 | 2.04*** | 1.61*** | 1.30*** | 0.97*** |
| (1.15–1.57) | (1.27–1.73) | (0.93–1.27) | (1.71–2.37) | (1.35–1.86) | (1.10–1.49) | (0.83–1.12) | |
| Income | 1.06 | 1.11* | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.12** | 1.15** |
| (0.94–1.18) | (0.99–1.23) | (0.90–1.11) | (0.94–1.17) | (0.92–1.16) | (1.00–1.24) | (1.03–1.26) | |
Malay ethnicity is the omitted reference category.
a
Asterisks indicate levels of statistical significance for difference from 1: ***P<0.01, **P<0.05, *P<0.10. 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.
b
Among the continuous variables (education, age, and income), odds ratios are calculated for changes by 1 year for education, 10 years for age, and RM1,000 for income.
MetS-1, metabolic syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation guidelines; MetS-2, metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines; BP, blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TGL, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; RM, Ringgit Malaysia.