Table 2.

Description of novel CVD risk factors and biomarkers of nutritional status by sex in a middle-aged Cuban population

Novel biomarker or CVD risk factor	Males (n max =46)	Females (n max =51)	p value
QUICKI	0.35 (0.04)	0.35 (0.05)	0.71
HOMA	2.12 (1.01, 4.66)	1.98 (1.12, 3.56)	0.72
CRP (mg/L)	2.56 (1.34, 4.80)	2.49 (1.12, 5.11)	0.90
tHcy (μmol/L)	10.6 (8.3, 12.4)	9.2 (7.4, 11.2)	0.16
Folate (nmol/L)	19.3 (12.9, 27.5)	24.5 (18.6, 30.6)	0.03
Vitamin B12 (pmol/L)	309.8 (181.0, 471.7)	330.2 (214.0, 471.2)	0.63
Lipid standardized vitamin E (μmol/mmol)	4.53 (1.41)	4.72 (1.63)	0.59
Total carotenoids (μmol/L)	0.85 (0.63, 1.36)	0.85 (0.56, 1.28)	0.99
α carotene (μmol/L)	0.08 (0.05, 0.13)	0.05 (0.03, 0.09)	0.048
β carotene (μmol/L)	0.19 (0.13, 0.31)	0.21 (0.13, 0.34)	0.66

Data presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables, except for HOMA score, CRP, tHcy, folate, vitamin B12, total carotenoid status, α carotene and β carotene status where variables were logarithmically transformed and presented as geometric mean (interquartile range). P value is given for the comparison of males and females. This was determined using an independent sample t-test for continuous variables and a chi-square test for categorical variables.

CRP=C-reactive protein;

CVD=Cardiovascular disease;

SD=Standard deviation