Neuropathology seen in HE-stained sections of piglet putamen 4 days after sham surgery or HI. In time-matched sham controls administered saline (a), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (c), EUK-134 (e) and edaravone (g), neurons appeared with a normal round shape, noncondensed nucleus and discrete nucleolus. The neuropil is smooth and uniform. In HI piglets treated with saline (b) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (d), most of the principal striatal neurons underwent ischemic neurodegeneration, and the surrounding neuropil became pale and vacuolated. In HI piglets treated with EUK-134 (f) or edaravone (h), some of the neurons remained undamaged. Scale bars = 20 μm. Mean values ± SD of neuronal viability in putamen (i) and caudate nucleus (j) after sham surgery [combined cohorts with saline (n = 2), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (n = 2), EUK-134 (n = 2) and edaravone (n = 2)] or HI in piglets treated with vehicle [combined cohorts with saline (n = 4), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (n = 4)], EUK-134 (n = 8) or edaravone (n = 8). † p < 0.05 vs. sham surgery; * p < 0.05 vs. HI-vehicle.