. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Exp Child Psychol. 2011 Sep 25;111(2):212–229. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.012

Table 4.

Observed and Expected Frequencies of Children in Cluster, Segregated by Grade and Ability Group

	MD (n = 55)			TA (n = 126)
Cluster	Observed	Expected	O-E	Observed	Expected	O-E
Panel 1. Fourth Grade
1.	LC	25	9.42	15.58^***	6	21.58
	−15.58^***
2.	LC, HP	5	5.47	−.47	13	12.53
.47
3.	HC, LP	18	18.54	−.54	43	42.46
.54
4.	HC, HP	7	21.58	−14.58^***	64	49.43
14.57⁺
Panel 2. Fifth Grade
1.	LP	17	8.20	8.8^*	10	18.70
	−8.70⁺
2.	LC, HP	27	20.66		6.34	41
	47.34	−6.34
3.	HC, LP	9	17.62		−8.62^*	49
	40.38	8.62
4.	HC, HP	2	8.51	−6.51^*	26	19.49
	6.51

Table Notes: MD = children with math difficulties. TA = Typical achievers. O-E = the difference between observed and expected frequencies. Negative differences indicate observed frequency was less than expected frequency; positive differences indicate observed frequency was greater than expected frequency. LC = lower concepts; LC, HP = lower concepts, higher procedures; HC, LP = higher concepts, lower procedures; HC, HP = higher concepts, higher procedures; HP = Higher procedures

^***

= p < .001;

= p < .05;

⁺

= p < .10