Table 3.

Average weight change associated with changes in nutrient and food intake (adjusted for site, age, race, sex, race-by-sex interaction, change in total energy intake, and change in amount of physical activity), by study phase (n = 828)

	Phase I (weight loss)			Phase II (weight maintenance)
Effect on weight loss of:	Est. β	(95% CI)	p value	Est. β	95% CI)	p value
Macronutrients
+1% carbohydrates, sub. for fat a	−0.15 a	(−0.19, −0.11)	<0.0001	−0.03 a	(−0.04, −0.02)	<0.0001
+1% protein, sub. for fat a	−0.33 a	(−0.45, −0.22)	<0.0001	−0.07 a	(−0.10, −0.05)	<0.0001
+1% protein, sub. for carb. b	−0.18 b	(−0.29, −0.07)	0.0011	−0.05 b	(−0.07, −0.02)	0.0003
Different food groups
+1 fruit/vegetable serving c	−0.29 c	(−0.43, −0.15)	<0.0001	−0.04 c	(−0.07, −0.01)	0.0062
+1 dairy serving c	−0.18 c	(−0.58, 0.21)	0.3619	−0.17 c	(−0.26, −0.08)	0.0002
+1g dietary fiber c	0.01 c	(−0.07, −0.08)	0.8521	−0.01 c	(−0.03, 0.004)	0.1645

^aMean weight change associated with substituting 1% of macronutrient for isocaloric amount of fat while intake of third macronutrient is held constant

^bMean weight change associated with substituting 1% of macronutrient for isocaloric amount of carbohydrates while intake of third macronutrient is held constant

^cMean weight change associated with substituting 1 unit of food group for isocaloric amount of other food choices