Figure 3.

Mitochondrial impairment in Alzheimer's disease cell culture and transgenic mice models. The successful development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cell culture models as well as single, double and triple transgenic mice models that mimic diverse aspects of the disease have been helpful in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms on bioenergetic processes in vivo, particularly the interplay of AD-related amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins, leading to the mitochondrial failures underlying AD. APP, amyloid precursor protein; LTP, long-term potentiation; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; NO, nitric oxide; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.