Estrogen increases Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. A, to determine E2 effects on Akt phosphorylation BECs were treated with ACh (1 μM; 2 min), E2 (10 nM; 2 min), or a combination of E2 and ACh (2 min). Western analyses indicated that ACh or E2 alone or in combination increased p-Akt levels. B, in summary bar graph values are means ± S.E. (n = four patients) relative to total Akt expression. To determine eNOS phosphorylation, BECs were treated with ACh (1 μM; 10 min), E2 (10 nM; 20 min), or a combination of E2 and ACh (E2 alone, 10 min; E2+Ach, additional 10 min). C, Western analyses indicated increased phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177. D, in summary bar graph values are means ± S.E. (n = four patients). * indicates significant difference from unstimulated controls (p < 0.05).