. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2011 Dec;115(6):1316–1327. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182315eb2

Table 1.

Localization of Polymorphisms of Selected Adrenergic Receptors or Related Genes.

Receptor/ Protein	Gene	Reference	“Variant”	Allele Frequency		Phenotype
				Caucasians	African-Americans
α_2A	ADRA2A	Asn-251	Lys-251	0.0040	0.040	Increased Coupling
α_2C	ADRA2C	-	Del322–325	0.04	0.43	Heart Failure
β₁	ADRB1	Ser-49	Gly-49	0.15	0.15	Downregulation
		Arg-389	Gly-389	0.73	0.58	Decreased coupling
β₂	ADRB2	Arg-16	Gly-16	0.61	0.50	Increased desensitization
		Gln-27	Glu-27	0.43	0.27	Reduced desensitization
		Thr-164	Ile-164^a	~0.02	~0.004	Loss-of-function
β₃	ADRB3	Trp64	Arg64	0.10	?	Loss-of-function

GRK5	GRK5	Gln-41	Leu-41	0.01	0.23	enhanced desensitization of β₁AR