Table 2.
Behavioural and psychosocial risk factors for prostate cancer mortality in the original Whitehall Study (578 prostate cancer deaths among 17934 men)
| Risk factor, units | Percent | No. deaths / Person years (1000s) |
Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted | Multiple- adjustment* |
||||
| Leisure activity | None / inactive | 35.6 | 55 / 57.0 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Moderately active | 41.1 | 96 / 71.5 | 1.30 (0.93, 1.81) | 1.24 (0.88, 1.73) | |
| Active | 23.3 | 53 / 43.3 | 1.19 (0.81, 1.73) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.64) | |
| P-value for trend | 0.35 | 0.56 | |||
| Travel activity (mins./day) | 0 – 9 | 19.6 | 63 / 61.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 10 – 19 | 44.8 | 182 / 144.1 | 1.23 (0.92, 1.64) | 1.24 (0.93, 1.66) | |
| 20 – 29 | 25.3 | 108 / 83.7 | 1.23 (0.90, 1.67) | 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | |
| 30 – 39 | 8.3 | 36 / 27.0 | 1.28 (0.85, 1.92) | 1.30 (0.86, 1.97) | |
| 40+ | 2.0 | 11 / 6.2 | 1.60 (0.84, 3.03) | 1.65 (0.87, 3.15) | |
| P-value for trend | 0.14 | 0.10 | |||
| Socio-economic position | Administrative (highest) | 5.1 | 35 / 27.3 | 0.98 (0.70, 1.39) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.31) |
| Professional/executive | 65.1 | 401 / 325.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Clerical | 15.8 | 73 / 62.9 | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | |
| Other | 9.4 | 35 / 32.7 | 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.19) | |
| BC & DS‡ | 4.7 | 34 / 23.5 | 1.20 (0.84, 1.69) | 1.14 (0.80, 1.62) | |
| P-value for trend+ | 0.15 | 0.50 | |||
| Marital status | Married | 88.1 | 527 / 420.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Single | 8.5 | 27 / 38.9 | 0.67 (0.45, 0.98) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.03) | |
| Widowed / divorced | 3.4 | 24 / 13.3 | 1.37 (0.91, 2.06) | 1.44 (0.95, 2.18) | |
| P-value for heterogeneity | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
| Smoking habit | Never smoked | 18.3 | 123 / 99.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Ex-smoker | 36.6 | 225 / 179.8 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.18) | |
| Pipe / cigar smoker | 3.5 | 27 / 17.0 | 1.23 (0.81, 1.87) | 1.24 (0.82, 1.88) | |
| Current cigarette smoker | 41.6 | 203 / 175.8 | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.44) | |
| P-value for trend | 0.20 | 0.09 | |||
‡
British Council & Diplomatic Service are included as a separate category as they are not directly comparable with other civil service departments.
+
British Council & Diplomatic Service are excluded from test for trend.
*
multiple adjustment is adjustment for BMI, plasma cholesterol, physical activity, socio-economic status, diabetes/blood glucose, marital status, FEV1, height, age at risk, smoking, and diastolic and systolic blood pressure (estimates for components of blood pressure are not mutually adjusted).