Table 2. Modifiable risk factors for mild cognitive impairment and dementia, and recommendation classes for treatment (e89).

Somatic factor	Change in risk (OR or HR)	Likelihood of relevance	Treatment	Recommendation class*1
Hypertension	1.24–1.59 (HR)	Probable	Blood pressure reduction	U
Diabetes mellitus	1.34–1.63 (OR)	Certain	Normoglycemia	U
Hyperlipidemia	1.42–1.90 (HR)	Possible	Early treatment	U
Chronic renal failure	1.32–2.43 (OR)	Certain	Optimization	U
Vitamin B12 deficiency	1.50–2.17 (OR)	Unlikely	No substitution	B
Vitamin D deficiency	NS-2.3 (OR)	Questionable	No substitution	B
Hyperhomocysteinemia	Inconsistent	Unlikely	No substitution	A
Testosterone deficiency	Inconsistent	Possible	Substitution in individual cases	C
Subclinical thyroid gland dysfunction	Inconsistent	Questionable	No substitution	B
Hormone replacement therapy	1.05–2.05 (HR)	Unlikely	No substitution	A
Mediterranean diet	0.72–1.04 (HR)	Probable	Recommended	B
Physical activity	0.62–0.65 (HR)	Probable	Recommended	B
Nicotine consumption	1.27–1.79 (HR)	Probable	Stop	B
Alcohol consumption	0.28–0.82 (OR)	Possible	Slight to moderate consumption tolerated	B

The change in risk (as reported in the most important studies) is described in terms of the odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR). A value > 1.0 shows an increase in risk; a value < 1.0, a reduction in risk. NS, non-significant results;

^*1classification of recommendation classes: A, high recommendation based on strong evidence, or on weak evidence with particularly high relevance to patient care; B, moderate recommendation based on moderate evidence, or on weak evidence with high relevance to patient care; C, restricted recommendation based on weak evidence, or on strong evidence with limited relevance to patient care; U, inadequate data, treatment not yet evidence-based