Figure 5.

Simulation results obtained with the model and method of Smith et al. (2007). Particle paths are shown due to flow driven by conically rotating cilia beating with tilt angle θ=35° and semi-cone angle ψ=45°. (a) Advection by two cilia of a particle starting at height 1.2L, where L is cilium length. (b,c) Transport of five particles starting at height 1.2L by approximately rectangular and triangular arrays of cilia (the paths traced by the cilia tips are depicted by ellipses). Note the radial streamlines due to the far-field flow, once the particles leave the array (indicated by arrows).