Table 1.

Molecular Studies of Speciation Genes and a Few Related Examples

Gene	Gene Function	Outcome	Species	Referencee
Duplicate gene mutations (Oka model)
DPL1/DPL2	Pollen germination	F1 pollen sterility	Rice	Mizuta et al. (2010)
RPL27/RPL27	Mitochondrial ribosomal protein	F1 pollen sterility	Rice	Yamagata et al. (2010)
HPA1/HPA2	Histidinol-phosphate amino-transferase	F1 inviability	Arabidopsis	Bikard et al. (2009)
Multiple genesa	Gene losses	New species	Yeast	Scannell et al. (2006)
Incompatibility genes (DM model)
SaF/SaM	E3 ligase/F-box protein	F1 pollen sterility	Rice	Long et al. (2008)
MRS1/COX1 (mt gene)	RNA binding/cytochrome oxidase	F2 sterility	Yeast	Chou et al. (2010)
AEP2/OLI1 (mt gene)	RNA binding/ATP synthase	F2 sterility	Yeast	Lee et al. (2008)
Incompatibility genes (DM model): possible
Nup96/genes on Xc	Nucleoporin/unknown	F1 male inviability	Drosophila	Presgraves et al. (2003)
Nup160/genes on Xc	Nucleoporin/unknown	F1 male inviability	Drosophila	Tang and Presgraves (2009)
Hmr/Lhrb	DNA binding/protein–protein binding	F1 male inviability	Drosophila	Brideau et al. (2006)
Ovd/unknownc	DNA-binding/unknown	F1 male sterility	Drosophila	Phadnis and Orr (2009)
tmyc/broadiec	Unknown/unknown	F1 male sterility	Drosophila	Tao et al. (2001)
zeel-1/peel-1c	Ubiquitin ligase/unknown	F2 inviability	Nematode	Seidel et al. (2008)
CKI1/NBS-LRR(s)	Casein kinase/pathogen detection	F2 sterility	Rice	Yamamoto et al. (2010)
DM1 (NBS-LRR)/DM2(NBS-LRRs?)c	Toll interleukin receptor (TIR)/TIR	F1 necrosis	Arabidopsis	Bomblies et al. (2007)
AIM22/mt gene(s)c	Lipoate-protein ligase/unknown	F2 sterility	Yeast	Chou et al. (2010)
Multiallelic complementary genes model: suggestive
Lysin/VERL	Envelope dissolution protein/envelope receptor	No fertilization	Abalone	Lyon and Vacquier (1999)
Bindin/EBR1	Envelope dissolution protein/envelope receptor	No fertilization	Sea urchin	Kamei and Glabe (2003)
ADAM2/ITGA9-ITGB7 (α9β7)	Metalloprotease/transmembrane protein	No fertilization	Mammal	Desiderio et al. (2010)
ZP3/unknownc	Egg glycoprotein/sperm ZP3-receptor	No fertilization	Mammal	Evans and Florman (2002)
Izumo/CD9	Immunoglobulin/membrane protein	No fertilization	Mouse	Inoue et al. (2005)
Mutation-rescue model: possible
Xmrk/Rc	Melanoma receptor tyrosine kinase/unknown	F2 inviability	Platyfish	Schartl (2008)
Chimeric mt genec/PPR(s)c	Transcript modification/NADH dehydrogenase	F2 anther sterility	Monkeyflower	Barr and Fishman (2010)
Chimeric mtgenec/PPR	Unknown/RNA binding	F2 pollen sterility	Petunia	Bentolila et al. (2002)
Atp6 (mt gene)/PPRb	ATP synthase/RNA binding?	F2 pollen sterility	Rice	Kazama and Toriyama (2003)
Mt gene(s)c/RMS	Unknown/ACPS-like protein	F2 pollen sterility	Rice	Fujii and Toriyama (2009)
Segregation distortion model
Ovd/unknownc	DNA binding/unknown	Sex ratio distortion (SRD)	Drosophila	Phadnis and Orr (2009)
Dox/Nmy	Unknown/noncoding siRNA (?)	SRD/suppression of SRD	Drosophila	Tao et al. (2007)
Unknownc/Tmyc	Unknown/unknown	SRD/suppression of SRD	Drosophila	Tao et al. (2001)
Heterochromatin-associated speciation: suggestive
Zhr (359bp repeats on X)/unknownc	Satellite DNA/maternal cytoplasm	F1 female inviability	Drosophila	Ferree and Barbash (2009)
OdsH/heterochromatin of Y	DNA binding/unknown	F1 male sterility	Drosophila	Bayes and Malik (2009)
Lhr/HP1	Protein–protein binding/heterochromatin protein	F1 male inviability	Drosophila	Brideau et al. (2006)
Prdm9/satellite DNA?	Histone H3 methyltransferase/unknown	F1 male sterility	Mouse	Oliver et al. (2009)
Single-locus mutations
S5	Aspartic protease	F1 embryo-sac sterility	Rice	Chen et al. (2008)
FLC1	MADS-box transcription factor	Flowering time change	Cabbage	Yuan et al. (2009)
AN2	Transcription factor	Pollinator change	Petunia	Hoballah et al. (2007)
F3’h	Flavonoid hydroxylase	Pollinator change	Morning glory	Des Marais and Rausher (2010)
Style2.1	Transcription factor	Allogamy to autogamy	Tomato	Chen et al. (2007)
Gene and chromosomal translocation
JYAlpha	Adenosine triphosphatase	F2 sterility	Drosophila	Masly et al. (2006)
Chromosomal translocation	—	F1 sterility	Yeast	Delneri et al. (2003)
Chromosomal translocationd	—	F1 sterility or inviability	Plant	Rieseberg (2001)

^aThis study identified hundreds of reciprocal duplicate gene losses in yeasts.

^bBoth genes have been identified, but molecular interaction remains unclear.

^cThe responsible genes has not really been identified.

^dThis study reviewed the models of chromosomal rearrangements and showed several examples.

^eOnly one paper which seems to be most relevant is listed due to space limitation. See also the references therein.