Table 2.

Genetic studies investigating the association between several SNPs and both lupus nephritis and specific auto-antibodies in different ethnic populations.

Author	No. of SLE patients	No. of healthy controls	Ethnic origin	Gene/SNP studied	Associations
					Nephritis	Autoantibodies
Taylor et al. [38]	1396	2560	North Americans (European descent)	STAT4/ rs7574865	P < 10−11*	Anti-dsDNA/ P < 10−19
Kawasaki et al. [39]	308	306	Japanese	STAT4/ rs7574865	P = 1.0 × 10−5**	Anti-dsDNA/ P = 4.9 × 10−5**
Qin et al. [40]	190	182	Chinese	IRF5/ rs2004640T	P = 0.002***	NS
Vuong et al. [41]	272	307	Swedish	-STAT4/ rs10181656	−NS	−NM
				-IRF5/ rs729302 rs4728142 rs2004640 rs3807306 rs10954213 rs11770589 rs2280714	−NS	−NM
				- TRAF1-C5/ rs3761847	−NS	−NM
				-TGFB1 / rs6957 rs2241715 rs1982073 rs1800469	−NS	−NM
Li et al. [32]	748	750	Chinese (Northern Han)	-STAT4 / rs7574865	−NS	−NS
				- IRF7/ KIAA1542	−P = 3.78 × 10−8	-Anti-SSB/ P = 9.63x10 − 6
				rs2246614†	−NS	−NS
Luan et al. [42]	675	678	Chinese	STAT4/ rs7582694	−NS	−NS
Sigurdsson et al. [24]	695	—	Swedish	STAT4/ rs7582694	0.04	Anti-dsDNA/ P = 5.3 × 10−7

*Severe nephritis (ESRD or severe progressing renal disease in renal biopsy), P < 10⁻⁴.**Statistical significance found only in the case-control arm of the study, whereas, in the case-only arm of the study, results both for nephritis and anti-dsDNA reached no statistical significance.

***While a statistically significant association with lupus nephritis was detected, no association was found with any specific clinical finding or histological type of nephritis.

^†These 2 SNPs of the IRF7/KIAA1542 gene were not associated with SLE but only with specific SLE subphenotypes such as nephritis and anti-SSB.

NS: not statistically significant association. NM: not measured.

The rest of the abbreviations used are explained in the text.