Table 1.
Sample Characteristics of Total Group and Patients Who Were Randomly Assigned to the Brain Fitness and Health Education Groups (n = 40)
| Characteristic | Total (n = 40) |
Brain Fitness (n = 21) |
Health Education (n = 19) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 57.8 ± 13.1 | 54.7 ± 13.9 | 61.1 ± 11.5 | .124 |
|
| ||||
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 28 (70) | 13 (62) | 15 (79) | .240 |
| Women | 12 (30) | 8 (38) | 4 (21) | |
|
| ||||
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| African-American | 7 (17.5) | 5 (24) | 2 (11) | .543 |
| Asian | 2 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | |
| White | 31 (77.5) | 15 (71) | 16 (84) | |
|
| ||||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 3 (7.5) | 2 (10) | 1 (5) | .609 |
| Non-hispanic | 37 (92.5) | 19 (90) | 18 (95) | |
|
| ||||
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 26 (65) | 13 (62) | 13 (68) | .666 |
| Not married | 14 (35) | 8 (38) | 6 (32) | |
|
| ||||
| Education, years, mean ± SD | 14.0 ± 2.5 | 13.9 ± 2.4 | 14.2 ± 2.6 | .657 |
|
| ||||
| LVEF,a mean ± SD | 26.7 ± 10.3 | 28.5 ± 9.6 | 24.7 ± 10.8 | .252 |
|
| ||||
| NYHAb class, n (%) | ||||
| I | 11 (27.5) | 6 (29) | 5 (26) | |
| II | 20 (50) | 11 (52) | 9 (47) | .860 |
| III | 9 (22.5) | 4 (19) | 5 (26) | |
| IV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
|
| ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mean ± SD | 113.3 ± 20.4 | 116.2 ± 20.0 | 110.0 ± 20.9 | .341 |
|
| ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean ± SD | 68.0 ± 13.4 | 69.4 ± 13.8 | 66.4 ± 13.1 | .492 |
|
| ||||
| Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, n (%) |
22 (55) | 13 (62) | 9 (47) | .356 |
|
| ||||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, n (%) |
11 (28) | 5 (24) | 6 (32) | .583 |
|
| ||||
| Dual-Chamber Pacemaker, n (%) | 3 (8) | 1 (5) | 2 (11) | .489 |
|
| ||||
| Left Ventricular Assist Device, n (%) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) | ||
|
| ||||
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| ACE-inhibitorc | 21 (53) | 12 (57) | 9 (47) | .536 |
| ARBd | 11 (28) | 5 (24) | 6 (32) | .583 |
| Beta-adrenergic blocking agent | 36 (90) | 19 (90) | 17 (89) | .916 |
| Diuretic | 29 (73) | 15 (71) | 14 (74) | .873 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 19 (48) | 11 (52) | 8 (42) | .516 |
|
| ||||
| Duke Activity Status Index, mean ± SD |
22.9 ± 17.1 | 24.0 ± 15.5 | 21.6 ± 19.1 | .662 |
|
| ||||
| LHFQe Physical Subscale | 8.6 ± 7.0 | 6.4 ± 5.1 | 11.0 ± 8.2 | .044 |
|
| ||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean ± SD |
2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | .336 |
|
| ||||
| MMSE,f mean ± SD | 28.2 ± 1.7 | 28.1 ± 1.8 | 28.2 ± 1.6 | .978 |
a
Left ventricular ejection fraction
b
New York Heart Association
c
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
d
Angiotensin receptor blocking agent
e
Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire
f
Mini-mental State Examination