Table 1.
Baseline Participant Characteristics by 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) Status: CHS All Stars*
| Total sample | 25(OH)D | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <20 ng/mL | 20–<30 ng/mL | ≥30 ng/mL | P-value | ||
| N (%) | 988 | 304 (30.8) | 355 (35.9) | 329 (33.3) | |
| Age (yrs), mean ± SD | 85.2 ± 3.6 | 85.2 ± 3.7 | 85.3 ± 3.7 | 85.1 ± 3.4 | 0.68 |
| Female gender, % | 64.5 | 66.1 | 60.8 | 66.9 | 0.20 |
| Black race, % | 16.7 | 30.3 | 13.0 | 8.2 | <0.001 |
| Field center, % | |||||
| Forsyth Co., NC | 20.8 | 19.7 | 20.8 | 21.9 | 0.65 |
| Sacramento Co., CA | 35.3 | 33.6 | 36.1 | 36.2 | |
| Washington Co., MD | 16.8 | 15.5 | 17.5 | 17.3 | |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 27.0 | 31.2 | 25.6 | 24.6 | |
| Education, % | |||||
| < High school | 18.3 | 27.6 | 15.8 | 12.5 | <0.001 |
| High school-some college | 55.0 | 52.0 | 54.6 | 58.0 | |
| ≥ College degree | 26.7 | 20.4 | 29.6 | 29.5 | |
| Season, % | |||||
| Sep–Nov | 31.0 | 25.7 | 30.7 | 36.2 | 0.05 |
| Dec–Feb | 29.0 | 35.2 | 27.0 | 25.5 | |
| Mar–May | 14.5 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 13.1 | |
| Jun–Aug | 25.5 | 24.0 | 27.0 | 25.2 | |
| Smoking, % | |||||
| Never smoker | 50.8 | 46.0 | 52.4 | 53.5 | 0.39 |
| Former smoker | 45.8 | 50.0 | 44.2 | 43.5 | |
| Current smoker | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.0 | |
| Weekly alcohol intake, % | |||||
| None | 50.1 | 59.2 | 48.4 | 43.5 | 0.001 |
| 1–7/wk | 40.7 | 35.2 | 40.8 | 45.6 | |
| >7/wk | 9.2 | 5.6 | 10.7 | 10.9 | |
| Walking for physical activity in previous 2 weeks, % | |||||
| None | 49.8 | 54.6 | 51.6 | 43.5 | 0.05 |
| <5 times/week | 29.4 | 26.3 | 27.3 | 34.4 | |
| ≥5 times/week | 20.8 | 19.1 | 21.1 | 22.2 | |
| BMI status, % | |||||
| Normal weight (<25.0 kg/m2) | 37.8 | 29.3 | 37.5 | 45.9 | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 40.5 | 43.1 | 38.0 | 33.5 | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 21.8 | 27.6 | 24.5 | 20.5 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 1.09 ± 0.53 | 1.12 ± 0.68 | 1.04 ± 0.41 | 1.11 ± 0.48 | 0.08 |
| Depression (CES-D score), mean ± SD | 6.1 ± 4.7 | 6.8 ± 5.0 | 6.0 ± 4.6 | 5.6 ± 4.4 | 0.003 |
| Cognition (3MSE score), mean ± SD | 88.6 ± 10.7 | 86.4 ± 10.8 | 89.3 ± 9.8 | 89.7 ± 11.4 | <0.001 |
| Prevalent disease, % | |||||
| Diabetes | 14.5 | 21.0 | 13.2 | 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 64.0 | 66.1 | 61.7 | 64.4 | 0.49 |
| Osteoporosis | 23.7 | 14.8 | 25.6 | 29.8 | <0.001 |
| Knee arthritis | 27.7 | 29.0 | 28.4 | 25.8 | 0.64 |
| CVD† | 22.9 | 26.0 | 23.9 | 18.8 | 0.08 |
*
Means ± SD or frequencies with chi-square or ANOVA to evaluate the distribution across categories of 25(OH)D.
†
CVD: myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke.