Map of sites and locations mentioned in text. Numbered circles correspond to quantitative temperature reconstructions included in our temperature composite (Fig. 3): 1, Rainbow Lake; 2, Screaming Lynx Lake; 3, Hudson Lake; 4, Moose Lake (7). Lettered squares correspond to midge-independent climate records compared with our midge-temperature composite (Fig. 4): a, Farewell Lake (5); b, dinoflagellate-inferred sea-ice record in the Chukchi Sea (8).