. 2011 Nov 9;32(6):1325–1347. doi: 10.1007/s10764-011-9549-0

Table II.

Parameter estimates for the most parsimonious GLMM and LMM

Model	Response variable	Random factors	Fixed factors	Estimate	SE	p-value
Initiatorship (binomial GLMM)	Initiation (“yes” or “no” for each individual in each group movement)	ID nested in group	Intercept	−0.65	0.34	0.05
			Sex (females > males)	−2.37	0.38	<0.001***
			Age (adults > subadults)	−4.42	0.39	<0.001***
			Interaction: Ecological season^a:sex	0.27	0.20	0.11
			Interaction: Reproductive season^b:sex	Not included in best model
Overtaking (binomial GLMM)	Initiator overtaken (“yes” or “no” for each group movement)	ID nested in group; month	Intercept	−2.58	0.19	<0.001***
Overtaking (binomial GLMM)	Initiator overtaken (“yes” or “no” for each group movement)	ID nested in group; month	Sex (males>females)	1.06	0.30	<0.001***
Followership (LMM)	Followers (% of total group size)	ID nested in group	Intercept	67.33	3.57	<0.001***
			Sex	Not included in best model
			Age (adults>subadults)	−22.28	9.59	<0.05*
			Season (peak dry season > other months)	−14.67	2.73	<0.001***
Distances (LMM)	Distance (m)	ID nested in group	Intercept	63.50	7.63	<0.001***
			Sex	8.30	5.65	0.14
			Age	−17.14	19.51	0.38
			Month	8.32	9.80	0.52

^aTwo categories (Sorg and Rohner 1996): 1 = November–March (rainy season); 2 = April–October (dry season)

^bFour categories (Barthold et al. 2009): 1 = May (mating season); 2 = June–September (gestation); 3 = October–February (lactation); 4 = March–April (offspring weaned)

ID animal identity; SE standard error