Table 1.
Genes Up- and Down-regulated by NNK and B[a]P and Protected by GTC
| Gene name | Function | Changes induced by NNK & B[a]P |
|---|---|---|
| Expression associated with ROS elevation | ||
| BAX (BCL2-associated X protein) | Regulated by ROS via increasing promoter activity [56] | ↑ |
| COX17 (Cytochrome c oxidase assembly homolog-17) | Regulate ROS elevation by increasing activity of cytochrome coxidase [57] | ↑ |
| MRPL41 (Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41) | Induced by ROS to help stabilize p53 [58] | ↑ |
| Expression associated with cell proliferation | ||
| B4GALT1 (BetaGlcNAc beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase-1) | Increase proliferation by enhancing estrogen expression [59] | ↑ |
| BARHL1 (BarH-like homeobox-1) | Induce migration and survival of neural cells [60] | ↑ |
| BOLA3 (BolA homolog-3) | Increase proliferation by regulating cell cycle [61] | ↑ |
| MT1E (Metallothionein 1E) | Induce proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells [62] | ↑ |
| TNFRSF8 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily-8) | Decrease proliferation and increase apoptosis [63] | ↓ |
| Expression associated with ERK pathway activation | ||
| S100P (S100 calcium binding protein P) | Regulate Erk phosphorylation in colon cancer cells [64] | ↑ |
| SPRR1B (Small proline-rich protein 1B) | Regulated by ERK pathway in epithelial cells [65] | ↑ |
| Expression associated with DNA damage | ||
| ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) | Induced by double strand DNA damage [55] | ↑ |
| PER1 (Period homolog-1) | Induce DNA damage in human cancer cells [66] | ↑ |
↑ up-regulation; ↓ down-regulation