Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Cases and Controls.
| Characteristic | Cases N = 10 | Controls N = 25 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 77.8 (7.8) | 75.7 (6.3) | 0.50 |
| Female | 60.0% | 60.0% | 0.10 |
| Body Mass Index, mean (SD) | 25.4 (5.1) | 28.3 (6.9) | 0.32 |
| Mobility Prior to Admit | 1.00 | ||
| Independent | 40.0% | 48.0% | |
| Cane or Walker | 50.0% | 44.0% | |
| Dependenta | 10.0% | 8.0% | |
| Confusion / Delirium | 60.0% | 16.0% | 0.02 |
| Restrictedc | 50.0% | 20.0% | 0.11 |
| Frequent Need to Toilet Medicationsd | 60.0% | 60.0% | 1.00 |
| Toileting | 0.70 | ||
| Independent | 55.6% | 66.7% | |
| With assist | 33.3% | 29.2% | |
| Dependent | 11.1% | 4.2% | |
| Physician Activity Orderse | 0.74 | ||
| As tolerated | 50.0% | 56.0% | |
| Ambulate with assist | 20.0% | 8.0% | |
| Bed restf | 30.0% | 36.0% | |
| Reason for Admission | 1.00 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary | 50.0% | 48.0% | |
| Gastrointestinal | 20.0% | 20.0% | |
| Endocrine/Metabolic | 10.0% | 16.0% | |
| Neurological | 10.0% | 8.0% | |
| Other | 10.0% | 8.0% | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 3.3 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.8) | 0.25 |
| Illness Severityg | 1.00 | ||
| minor or moderate | 30.0% | 28.0% | |
| major or extreme | 70.0% | 72.0% | |
| Length of Stay in days, mean (SD) | 9.4 (3.95) | 5.2 (2.48) | <0.01 |
| Daily Stepsh, mean (SD) | 480.3 (432.2) | 680.1 (876.0) | 0.87 |
| Daily Minutes of Activityi, mean (SD) | 53.8 (36.9) | 50.1 (58.6) | 0.18 |
| Daily Activity Episodesj, mean (SD) | 25.8 (16.9) | 21.6 (23.8) | 0.16 |
Requiring significant help from another.
Mobility restricted by tubing or monitoring equipment during the nurse's admission assessment.
Antihypertensives, diuretics, or laxatives.
Activity orders at hospital admission only.
Bed rest orders for all cases and controls were revoked within 48 hours of admission.
The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services All Patient Refined-Diagnosis Related Group (APR-DRG) severity of illness classification: a modification of the traditional DRG that adds 4 classes of illness severity: 1=minor, 2=moderate, 3=major, and 4=extreme.
Based on the number of complete 24 hour days the SAM was worn.
Total minutes of ambulatory activity, defined as the number of 1-minute intervals recorded by the monitor with stride count greater than 0.
Total episodes of activity, defined as the number of 1-minute intervals the subject switched from inactivity (stride count = 0) to activity (stride count >0).