Table 2.
SWED-QUAL intention-to-treat analysis of changes after 4 months (ΔT4) of Nordic walking; data for participants with (a) normal glucose tolerance (NGT), (b) impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and (c) Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), by control and intervention groups*
| (a) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGT | ΔT4 | NGT | ΔT4 | P‡ | NGT | SPS compared with control + intervention | P§ | |
| Control, n = 75 | NA | Intervention, n = 53 | NA | NA | All, n = 128 | n = 128 | 1.000 | |
| Age, years | 61 (55–64) | NA | 60 (57–64) | NA | 0.9555 | 60.5 (55–64) | NA | NA |
| Sex, male/female % | 36/64 | NA | 38/62 | NA | 0.770 | 37/63 | 37/63 | 1.000 |
| BMI, kg/m2† | 29 (27–31) | 0 (−1 to 1) | 29 (27–31) | −1 (−1 to 0) | 0.0019 | 29/27–31) | Unknown | NA |
| Physical functioning | 95.3 (85.7–95.3) | 0 (0:4.7) | 95.3 (85.7–95.3) | 0 (0–4.7) | 0.7188 | 95.3 (85.7–95.3) | 86.4 (81.7–88.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Satisfaction with physical health | 67 (33–67) | 0 (0–33) | 67 (33–67) | 0 (0–33) | 0.4143 | 67 (33–67) | 65.9 (60–70.6) | 0.0030 |
| Pain | 79.3 (64–100) | 0 (−9.7 to 15.1) | 79.3 (64.2–100) | 0 (0–6.8) | 0.1876 | 79.3 (64.1–100) | 77.2 (74–82.2) | 0.6799 |
| Role limitation attributable to physical health | 77.7 (44.3–100) | 0 (−11 to 22.3) | 78 (55.7–100) | 0 (0–22) | 0.3541 | 78 (50–100) | 62.2 (60.5–71.2) | 0.0180 |
| Role limitation attributable to emotional health | 100 (55.7–100) | 0 (0–22) | 89 (66.7–100) | 0 (−11 to 11) | 0.2018 | 94.5 (55.7–100) | 74.3 (68.2–81.8) | 0.0794 |
| Positive affect | 87.5 (75–95.8) | 0 (−4.2 to 4.2) | 87.5 (70.8–95.8) | 0 (−8.3 to 12.5) | 0.4218 | 87.5 (72.9–95.8) | 76.1 (70.5–81.2) | 0.0003 |
| Negative affect | 83.3 (62.5–95.8) | 4.2 (0–12.5) | 87.5 (62.5–95.8) | 0 (−4.2 to 8.4) | 0.2234 | 87.5 (62.5–95.8) | 73.3 (68.3–79.7) | 0.0700 |
| Cognitive functioning | 87.5 (66.7–95.8) | 0 (−4.2 to 8.3) | 83.3 (62.5–91.7) | 0 (−4.2 to 8.4) | 0.7666 | 83.3 (66.7–95.8) | 74.6 (69.7–79.7) | 0.0099 |
| Sleep | 82.1 (60.7–96.4) | 0 (−10.7 to 3.6) | 75 (46.4–92.9) | 3.6 (–3.6 to 14.3) | 0.0091 | 78.6 (57.1–94.7) | 67.1 (62.8–74.2) | 0.0089 |
| General health perception | 87.5 (75–93.8) | 0 (0–6.2) | 81.3 (65.6–93.8) | 3.2 (0–12.5) | 0.0302 | 84.4 (71.9–93.8) | 73.6 (69.9–78.8) | 0.0005 |
| Family functioning | 91.8 (73–100) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (79.3–100) | 0 (0–6.3) | 0.5179 | 93.8 (73–100) | 84.3 (79.3–88.1) | 0.0899 |
| Marital functioning | 83.3 (66.7–100) | 0 (−4.1 to 4.2) | 95.8 (70.8–100) | 0 (−12.5 to 8.3) | 0.8978 | 85.4 (68.8–100) | 83.1 (77.4–88.3) | 0.6352 |
| Sexual functioning | 90 (60–100) | 0 (−5 to 5) | 90 (65–100) | 0 (0–0) | 0.6014 | 90 (62.5–100) | 64.8 (58.7–72.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical activity estimated by VAS, mm | 50 (20–60) | 0 (−10 to 10) | 35 (20–50) | 30 (10–40) | < 0.0001 | NA | NA | NA |
| (b) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IGT | ΔT4 | IGT | ΔT4 | P‡ | IGT | SPS compared with control + intervention | P§ | |
| Control, n = 20 | NA | Intervention, n = 14 | NA | NA | All, n = 34 | n = 34 | 1.000 | |
| Age, years | 62.5 (59.5–64) | NA | 60 (56–63) | NA | 0.1698 | 61.5 (58–64) | NA | NA |
| Sex, male/female % | 45/55 | NA | 36/64 | 0.195 | NA | 41/59 | 41/59 | 1.000 |
| BMI, kg/m2† | 30.5 (28–34) | 0 (−1 to 0) | 31.3 (28–38) | 0 (–1 to 0.5) | 0.4301 | 30.8 (28–34) | Unknown | NA |
| Physical functioning | 95.3 (85.7–95.3) | 0 (0–4.7) | 92.95 (85.7–95.3) | 2.3 (0–4.7) | 0.6196 | 95.3 (85.7–95.3) | 84.9 (82.1–87.9) | 0.0122 |
| Satisfaction with physical health | 67 (33–67) | 0 (0–0) | 67 (33–67) | 0 (0–33) | 0.5876 | 67 (33–67) | 63 (60–70.6) | 0.2415 |
| Pain | 79.3 (61.1–100) | 0 (−0.1 to 20.7) | 89.7 (69.7–100) | 0 (0–11.3) | 0.9710 | 79.3 (64–100) | 76.7 (74–81.8) | 0.3879 |
| Role limitation attributable to physical health | 78 (44.3–100) | 0 (0–16.5) | 61.2 (22–100) | 5.5 (0–33.3) | 0.6470 | 78 (33–100) | 62.2 (62–67.8) | 0.6753 |
| Role limitation attributable to emotional health | 100 (77.9–100) | 0 (−5.5 to 0) | 67 (33–100) | 0 (0–33) | 0.2550 | 100 (67–100) | 74.9 (70.8–81.8) | 0.2701 |
| Positive affect | 91.7 (83.3–97.9) | 0 (−4.2 to 4.2 | 83.4 (45.8–95.8) | 0 (−4.2 to 4.2) | 0.9859 | 91.7 (79.2–95.8) | 77.1 (70.6–81.2) | 0.0588 |
| Negative affect | 87.5 (79.2–100) | 2.1 (−6.2 to 12.5) | 81.3 (50–95.8) | 6.3 (0–37.5) | 0.2115 | 85.4 (70.8–100) | 74 (70.6–80.2) | 0.1741 |
| Cognitive functioning | 93.8 (75–100) | 0 (−4.2 to 6.3) | 83.4 (62.5–100) | 0 (−12.5 to 8.3) | 0.5310 | 91.7 (70.8–100) | 75.8 (70.2–79.7) | 0.0205 |
| Sleep | 82.2 (60.7–94.7) | −1.8 (−9.0 to 7.1) | 73.2 (57.1–89.3) | 0 (−7.2 to 10.7) | 0.5389 | 76.8 (57.1–92.9) | 67.7 (60.2–75.7) | 0.1303 |
| General health perception | 78.1 (64.1–90.7) | 6.2 (0–17.2) | 86.0 (56.3–96.9) | 3.1 (0–12.5) | 0.3081 | 84.4 (59.4–93.8) | 74.5 (70.1–77.9) | 0.2415 |
| Family functioning | 100 (88.7–100) | 0 (0–0) | 92.8 (79.3–100) | 0 (–6.2 to 0) | 0.7431 | 100 (79.3–100) | 84.9 (83–87.5) | 0.0049 |
| Marital functioning | 97.9 (75–100) | 0 (0–4.2) | 85.4 (54.2–100) | 4.2 (0–16.7) | 0.2452 | 87.5 (70.8–100) | 83.7 (77.1–87.8) | 0.4622 |
| Sexual functioning | 100 (75–100) | 0 (0–0) | 92.5 (45–100) | −2.5 (–10:0) | 0.1752 | 95 (65–100) | 64.1 (58.7–72.2) | 0.0039 |
| Physical activity estimated by VAS, mm | 35 (20–50) | 8.5 (0–20) | 26.5 (10–50) | 20 (8.5–50) | 0.0784 | NA | NA | NA |
| (c) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM | ΔT4 | T2DM | ΔT4 | P‡ | T2DM | SPS compared with control + intervention | P§ | |
| Control, n = 30 | NA | Intervention, n = 20 | NA | NA | All, n = 50 | n = 50 | 1.000 | |
| Age, years | 60.5 (58–64) | NA | 63 (59–64) | NA | 0.6261 | 62 (58–64) | NA | NA |
| Sex, male/female % | 67/33 | NA | 65/35 | NA | 0.765 | 66/34 | 66/34 | 1.000 |
| BMI, kg/m2† | 29.5 (28–34) | 0 (−1 to 0) | 30.5 (27.5–34) | 0 (−1 to 0) | 0.1867 | 30 (28–34) | Unknown | NA |
| Physical functioning | 90.6 (81–95.3) | 0 (−4.6 to 4.7) | 90.6 (74.2–100) | 0 (0–11.5) | 0.5057 | 90.6 (76.4–95.3) | 83.5 (81.4–86.4) | 0.0441 |
| Satisfaction with physical health | 67 (33–67) | 0 (0–0) | 50 (33–67) | 0 (0–33.5) | 0.0332 | 67 (33–67) | 62.5 (58.3–66.7) | 0.0566 |
| Pain | 100 (73.7–100) | 0 (0–4.1) | 84.8 (52.9–100) | 0 (−6.9 to 11.2) | 0.8450 | 92.4 (62.7–100) | 76.7 (74.6–80.1) | 0.1975 |
| Role limitation attributable to physical health | 67 (44.3–100) | 0 (0–22.3) | 78 (50–100) | 0 (0–0) | 0.3203 | 67 (44.3–100) | 62.2 (60.7–67.3) | 0.2487 |
| Role limitation attributable to emotional health | 67 (44.3–100) | 0 (−11 to 33) | 100 (38.7–100) | 0 (0–0) | 0.6142 | 83.5 (44.3–100) | 73.4 (66.1–76.5) | 0.9884 |
| Positive affect | 83.3 (75–95.8) | −4.2 (−12.5 to 12.5) | 87.5 (66.7–95.8) | 0 (−8.3 to 0) | 0.9603 | 83.3 (66.7–95.8) | 73.6 (69.8–80.5) | 0.0604 |
| Negative affect | 81.3 (62.5–91.7) | 2.9 (0–16.7) | 83.4 (50–100) | 0 (−2.1 to 12.5) | 0.7950 | 81.3 (54.2–100) | 73.2 (68.3–78.1) | 0.3566 |
| Cognitive functioning | 83.3 (58.3–95.8) | 0 (−8.3–8.3) | 77.1 (33.3–93.8) | 0 (0–8.3) | 0.1915 | 81.7 (58.3–95.8) | 72.5 (69.4–82.5) | 0.7318 |
| Sleep | 75 (64.3–96.4) | −5.3 (−14.3 to 7.2) | 69.7 (51.8–85.7) | 5.3 (−3.5 to 16.1) | 0.0312 | 75 (60.7–96.4) | 69.8 (60.2–76.3) | 0.4901 |
| General health perception | 82.9 (65.6–90.6) | 0 (−9.3 to 6.2) | 75 (59.4–89.1) | 3.1 (−3.2 to 11.0) | 0.4567 | 81.3 (65.6–90.6) | 72.8 (70.9–78.2) | 0.1410 |
| Family functioning | 80.3 (73–100) | 0 (0–6.3) | 89.7 (57.4–100) | 0 (0–27) | 0.3930 | 83.4 (60.5–100) | 84.7 (79.3–87.5) | 0.2949 |
| Marital functioning | 77.1 (62.5–95.8) | 0 (−8.4 to 9.4) | 75 (58.3–97.9) | 0 (−6.3 to 6.3) | 0.8090 | 75 (58.3–95.8) | 83.7 (77.4–87.8) | 0.0703 |
| Sexual functioning | 85 (55–95) | 0 (−3.8 to 5) | 85 (70–95) | 0 (−10 to 0) | 0.2781 | 85 (70–95) | 69.2 (59.3–75.8) | 0.0207 |
| Physical activity estimated by VAS, mm | 40 (20–50) | 0 (−1 to 15) | 30 (30–60) | 24 (10–40) | 0.0047 | NA | NA | NA |
Data are median (25th–75th percentile).
*
Baseline data for the entire NGT, IGT, and T2DM groups, respectively, are compared with the results of sex- and age-matched individuals from a healthy Swedish population sample (SPS) who have previously answered the SWED-QUAL questionnaire.
†
BMI for Swedish population sample subjects not available.
‡
P for intervention effect by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test.
§
P for comparison between study participants and Swedish population sample by Wilcoxon's signed-rank test and P for sex distribution by χ2-test.
NA, not available; VAS, visual analogue scale.Bold numbers signify statistically significant differences, i.e. P < 0.05.