Table 4.
Multivariate Models Predicting Child Emotional Symptoms in Four Southeast Asian Countries
| Indonesia (n = 961) | Philippines (n = 958) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model C | Model D | Model C | Model D | |||||||||||||
| β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | |
| Parents usually resident | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Father-migrant/mother-caregiver | 0.77*** | 0.19 | 2.16 | [1.50, 3.13] | 0.96*** | 0.21 | 2.60 | [1.72, 3.94] | −0.38* | 0.17 | 0.69 | [0.49, 0.96] | −0.09 | 0.20 | 0.91 | [0.62, 1.34] |
| Mother-migrant/father-caregiver | 0.33 | 0.19 | 1.39 | [0.97, 2.00] | 0.28 | 0.20 | 1.33 | [0.89, 1.97] | −0.60 | 0.38 | 0.55 | [0.26, 1.16] | −0.29 | 0.41 | 0.75 | [0.34, 1.66] |
| Parent-migrant/other-caregiver | 0.26 | 0.24 | 1.30 | [0.81, 2.08] | −0.10 | 0.27 | 0.91 | [0.54, 1.54] | −0.07 | 0.30 | 0.93 | [0.52, 1.67] | 0.17 | 0.33 | 1.19 | [0.63, 2.27] |
| Child gender | ||||||||||||||||
| Boy | ||||||||||||||||
| Girl | −0.15 | 0.14 | 0.86 | [0.65, 1.13] | −0.13 | 0.15 | 0.88 | [0.65, 1.19] | 0.43** | 0.16 | 1.54 | [1.13, 2.09] | 0.45** | 0.16 | 1.57 | [1.13, 2.16] |
| Child age | ||||||||||||||||
| Young | ||||||||||||||||
| Older | −0.32* | 0.14 | 0.73 | [0.55, 0.96] | −0.47** | 0.17 | 0.62 | [0.45, 0.86] | 0.25 | 0.16 | 1.29 | [0.95, 1.75] | 0.24 | 0.17 | 1.27 | [0.90, 1.78] |
| Child parity | ||||||||||||||||
| Parity 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Parity 2 | −0.01 | 0.18 | 0.99 | [0.70, 1.40] | −0.11 | 0.21 | 0.90 | [0.60, 1.34] | ||||||||
| Parity 3 or more | −0.18 | 0.21 | 0.83 | [0.55, 1.26] | −0.04 | 0.21 | 0.96 | [0.63, 1.45] | ||||||||
| Child long-term disability | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.26 | 0.88 | 1.29 | [0.23, 7.23] | 0.56 | 0.53 | 1.75 | [0.61, 4.98] | ||||||||
| Caregiver education | ||||||||||||||||
| Primary or less | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Lower secondary | −0.08 | 0.20 | 0.92 | [0.62, 1.37] | −0.50 | 0.44 | 0.60 | [0.26, 1.43] | ||||||||
| Upper secondary or more | −0.55* | 0.24 | 0.58 | [0.36, 0.93] | −0.21 | 0.20 | 0.81 | [0.55, 1.19] | ||||||||
| Caregiver mental health problem | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.40*** | 0.16 | 4.04 | [2.93, 5.57] | 1.12*** | 0.21 | 3.08 | [2.06, 4.61] | ||||||||
| Household wealth | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Medium | −0.19 | 0.19 | 0.82 | [0.57, 1.19] | −0.64** | 0.22 | 0.53 | [0.34, 0.82] | ||||||||
| High | −0.55* | 0.22 | 0.58 | [0.38, 0.88] | −1.02*** | 0.24 | 0.36 | [0.23, 0.57] | ||||||||
| Younger sibling/s | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.31 | 0.18 | 1.36 | [0.95, 1.96] | 0.01 | 0.18 | 1.01 | [0.71, 1.44] | ||||||||
| Log likelihood | −577.66 | −521.63 | −504.03 | −470.69 | ||||||||||||
| Thailand (n = 995) | Vietnam (n = 962) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model C | Model D | Model C | Model D | |||||||||||||
| β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | β | SE | eβ | 95% CI | |
| Parents usually resident | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Father-migrant/mother-caregiver | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.98 | [0.66, 1.45] | −0.06 | 0.21 | 0.94 | [0.62, 1.42] | 0.43* | 0.19 | 1.53 | [1.05, 2.24] | 0.34 | 0.20 | 1.40 | [0.95, 2.07] |
| Mother-migrant/father-caregiver | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.65** | 0.23 | 0.52 | [0.34, 0.81] | −0.67** | 0.23 | 0.51 | [0.32, 0.81] | ||
| Parent-migrant/other-caregiver | 0.78 | 1.13 | 2.18 | [0.24, 19.98] | 0.23 | 1.21 | 1.26 | [0.12, 13.50] | −0.02 | 0.24 | 0.98 | [0.61, 1.58] | −0.02 | 0.26 | 0.98 | [0.59, 1.65] |
| Child gender | ||||||||||||||||
| Boy | ||||||||||||||||
| Girl | 0.26 | 0.20 | 1.30 | [0.87, 1.93] | 0.22 | 0.21 | 1.25 | [0.83, 1.87] | 0.47** | 0.15 | 1.60 | [1.18, 2.16] | 0.46** | 0.16 | 1.58 | [1.16, 2.15] |
| Child age | ||||||||||||||||
| Young | ||||||||||||||||
| Older | 0.22 | 0.20 | 1.24 | [0.83, 1.84] | 0.17 | 0.22 | 1.26 | [0.77, 1.82] | 0.22 | 0.15 | 1.25 | [0.92, 1.69] | 0.15 | 0.17 | 1.16 | [0.84, 1.60] |
| Child parity | ||||||||||||||||
| Parity 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Parity 2 | −0.59* | 0.24 | 0.55 | [0.35, 0.88] | −0.20 | 0.19 | 0.82 | [0.57, 1.20] | ||||||||
| Parity 3 or more | −0.71 | 0.40 | 0.49 | [0.22, 1.08] | 0.06 | 0.28 | 1.06 | [0.62, 1.82] | ||||||||
| Child long-term disability | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.98 | 1.12 | 7.22 | [0.80, 64.96] | −0.73 | 0.79 | 0.48 | [0.10, 2.26] | ||||||||
| Caregiver education | ||||||||||||||||
| Primary or less | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Lower secondary | 0.06 | 0.27 | 1.06 | [0.62, 1.81] | 0.13 | 0.21 | 1.13 | [0.75, 1.73] | ||||||||
| Upper secondary or more | −0.30 | 0.31 | 0.74 | [0.40, 1.36] | −0.19 | 0.28 | 0.83 | [0.48, 1.44] | ||||||||
| Caregiver mental health problem | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.27*** | 0.22 | 3.57 | [2.33, 5.48] | 0.52** | 0.20 | 1.68 | [1.14, 2.48] | ||||||||
| Household wealth | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Medium | −0.10 | 0.25 | 0.91 | [0.55, 1.49] | 0.46* | 0.18 | 1.58 | [1.11, 2.25] | ||||||||
| High | 0.41 | 0.27 | 1.51 | [0.88, 2.58] | 0.51* | 0.21 | 1.66 | [1.11, 2.50] | ||||||||
| Younger sibling/s | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.49 | 0.29 | 0.61 | [0.35, 1.07] | 0.11 | 0.20 | 1.11 | [0.75, 1.65] | ||||||||
| Log likelihood | −348.48 | −325.19 | −520.01 | −510.91 | ||||||||||||
Note: Young = age 3, 4, or 5; Older = age 9, 10, or 11. CI = confidence interval.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.