| Ion channel-based approaches |
Na channel blockers (e.g. lamotrigine, flecainide), Na channel knockout mice |
Improvement |
(Bechtold et al., 2004; 2006; Black et al., 2006; O'Malley et al., 2009) |
|
K Channel blockade |
Improvement |
(Judge et al., 1997; Strauss et al., 2000; Beeton et al., 2001; Madsen et al., 2005; Reich et al., 2005) |
|
Ca channel blockade |
Improvement |
(Brand-Schieber and Werner, 2004; Tokuhara et al., 2010) |
|
ASIC channel blockers (e.g. amiloride), ASIC knockouts |
Improvement |
(Friese et al., 2007) |
| Neurotransmitter-based approaches |
Dopamine signalling, increase in dopamine levels |
Improvement |
(Dijkstra et al., 1994) |
|
Dopamine depletion (e.g. MPTP) |
Worsening |
(Balkowiec-Iskra et al., 2007) |
|
Noradrenaline increase |
Improvement |
(Simonini et al., 2010) |
|
Serotonin increase |
Improvement |
(Weistock et al., 1977; Scott et al., 1982; Vollmar et al., 2009) |
|
Glutamate receptor antagonism |
Improvement |
(Wallstrom et al., 1996; Paul and Bolton, 2002; Gilgun-Sherki et al., 2003) |
| Neuropeptides |
Substance P antagonism, Substance P receptor (NK1) knockout mice |
Improvement |
(Nessler et al., 2006; Reinke et al., 2006) |
|
Neuropeptide Y |
Improvement |
(Bedoui et al., 2003; Luhder et al., 2009) |
| Cannabinoids |
CB1 and CB2 receptor agonism |
Improvement |
(Arevalo-Martin et al., 2003; Pryce et al., 2003; Zajicek et al., 2003; Ni et al., 2004; Maresz et al., 2005; Rog et al., 2005; Freeman et al., 2006; Wissel et al., 2006; Centonze et al., 2007; Collin et al., 2007; Palazuelos et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2009) |
| Cell-based therapies |
Neural stem cells |
Improvement |
(Picard-Riera et al., 2002; Einstein et al., 2003; Pluchino et al., 2003; 2005; Einstein et al., 2006; Makar et al., 2008; Pluchino et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009) |
|
Mesenchymal stem cells |
Improvement |
(Zappia et al., 2005; Kassis et al., 2008; Schafer et al., 2008; Bai et al., 2009; Lanza et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2009; Rafei et al., 2009; Freedman et al., 2010;Gordon et al., 2010; Karussis et al., 2010; Yamout et al., 2010) |
