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. 2011 Nov 29;26(12):1606–1612. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.12.1606

Table 4.

Univariate analysis for the risk factors of COPD exacerbation

graphic file with name jkms-26-1606-i004.jpg

COPD exacerbations were defined as worsening symptoms (dyspnea , cough, or sputum) requiring treatment with systemic steroids or antibiotics, a visit to the emergency room, and/or admission to a hospital which were decided by attending physicians.