Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2011 Nov 29;2:89. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00089

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2011 Valluru, Staton, Reed and Brown.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.

PMC Copyright notice

Schematic representation of the TGF-β superfamily signaling pathways and cellular regulation during the wound healing process. TGF-β Superfamily proteins transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), growth differentiation factors (GDFs), activin, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) bind to Type I, II, and III receptor complexes. This leads to activation of intracellular R-Smad, Co-Smad, and I-Smad signaling cascades. These interactions regulate hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the stem cell niche. They also regulate monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells (ECs), keratinocytes, and epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMT) during wound healing.