Table 1.
Preclinical studies supporting autophagy inhibition for cancer treatment
| Cancer type | Primary treatment (target) | Autophagy inhibition method (target) | References |
| Breast cancer | Trastuzumab (HER2 receptor) | 3-MA (PI3K III), BafA (lysosome), RNAi (LC3) | 127 |
| Camptothecin (DNA topoisomerase II) | 3-MA (PI3K III), BafA (lysosome), RNAi (BECN1, ATG7) | 126 | |
| Tamoxifen (estrogen receptor) | 3-MA (PI3K III), RNAi (BECN1, ATG5, ATG7) | 163 | |
| Bortezomib (26S proteasome) | RNAi (LC3, ATF4, HDAC6) | 164 | |
| Faslodex (estrogen receptor) | RNAi (BECN1) | 165 | |
| RT (DNA) | RNAi (BECN1, ATG3, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG5, ATG12) | 128 | |
| Sulforaphane (histone deacetylation) | BafA (lysosome) | 166 | |
| Cervical cancer | Bortezomib (26S proteasome) | RNAi (BECN1) | 167 |
| CML | Imatinib mesylate (BCR/ABL) | CQ (lysosome), BafA (lysosome), RNAi (ATG5, ATG7) | 131 |
| INNO-406 (BCR/ABL) | CQ (lysosome) | 168 | |
| SAHA (histone deacetylation) | CQ (lysosome), 3-MA (PI3K III) | 169 | |
| Imatinib mesylate (BCR/ABL) | BafA (lysosome), CQ (lysosome), RNAi (ATG5, ATG7) | 131 | |
| Imatinib mesylate (BCR/ABL), TPA (differentiation) | CQ (lysosome) | 170 | |
| Colorectal cancer | Vorinostat (histone deacetylation) | CQ (lysosome), RNAi (ATG7) | 129 |
| RT (DNA) | RNAi (BECN1, ATG3, ATG4B, ATG5) | 128 | |
| Sulindac sulfide (cyclooxygenase) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 171 | |
| TRAIL (TNF receptor) | 3-MA (PI3K III), RNAi (BECN1, ATG5, ATG7, UVRAG) | 172 | |
| 5-FU (thymidylate synthase) | 3-MA (PI3K III), RNAi (ATG7) | 173 | |
| TFT, 5-FU (thymidylate synthase) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 174 | |
| 5-FU (thymidylate synthase) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 132 | |
| Bortezomib (26S proteasome) | RNAi (BECN1) | 167 | |
| Esophageal cancer | Cisplatin (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 133 |
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | Imatinib mesylate (BCR/ABL) | CQ (lysosome), RNAi (ATG5, ATG12) | 175 |
| Glioma, malignant | AKTi-1/2 (AKT) | CQ (lysosome) | 149 |
| PI-103 (PI3K, mTOR) | CQ (lysosome) | 149 | |
| Imatinib mesylate (BCR/ABL) | BafA (lysosome) | 176 | |
| RT (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III), BafA (lysosome), RNAi (BECN1, ATG5) | 177 | |
| RT (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III), BafA (lysosome) | 123 | |
| 4-HPR (tyrosine kinase) | 3-MA (PI3K III), BafA (lysosome) | 178 | |
| Temozolomide, etoposide (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 178 | |
| Temozolomide (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III), BafA (lysosome) | 137 | |
| Multiple myeloma | 8-Amino-adenosine (AKT/mTOR) | CQ (lysosome) | 125 |
| Lung cancer, non-small cell | RT (DNA) | RNAi (BECN1, ATG3, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG5, ATG12) | 128 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Gemcitabine, RT (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 185 |
| Pharyngeal cancer | RT (DNA) | RNAi (BECN1, ATG3, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG5, ATG12) | 128 |
| Prostate cancer | ADI-PEG20 (arginine) | CQ (lysosome), 3-MA (PI3K III), RNAi (BECN1) | 130 |
| TRAIL, FADD (TNF receptor) | 3-MA (PI3K III) | 179 | |
| Androgen deprivation (androgen receptor) | 3-MA (PI3K III), RNAi (BECN1) | 180 | |
| Saracatinib (Src kinase) | 3-MA (PI3K III), CQ (lysosome), RNAi (ATG7) | 181 | |
| Rhabdoid tumor, malignant | FK228 (histone deacetylation) | CQ (lysosome) | 182 |
| Skin cancer, squamous cell | Cisplatin (DNA) | 3-MA (PI3K III), RNAi (ATG5) | 183 |